ucsp

• Marxism views society through the lens of class struggle, focusing on the conflict between the ruling class (capitalists or bourgeoisie) and the working class (proletariat).
• Anthropology is the study of humans, past and present. It explores human biological evolution, cultural diversity, and social behavior in various societies around the world.
• Understanding Human

  Diversity - Anthropologists aim to

  understand and appreciate

  the diverse ways that humans live, think, and interact with each other

  across different societies

  and cultures.
• Exploring Human Evolution -Anthropologists investigate the biological evolution of humans, tracing our origins, development, andadaptations over millions of years.
• Documenting Cultural Change - Anthropologists document and analyze changes in culture over time, including the impact of globalization, technology, and social movements on societies around the world.
• Promoting Cultural Sensitivity and Tolerance - Anthropologists work to foster empathy, respect, and understanding for diverse cultures, challenging stereotypes and promoting cross-cultural communication and cooperation.
• Addressing Global Challenges- Anthropologists seek to address pressing global issues, such as poverty, inequality, environmental degradation, and human rights violations, by applying insights from their research to inform policy-making and social interventions.
• Holism - refers to the idea that we should study societies and cultures as integrated wholes, rather than focusing solely on individual parts or aspects.
• Relativism - emphasizes the idea that cultural beliefs, practices, and values should be understood within the context of their own culture, rather than judged against the standards of another culture.
• Sociology - the study of how people interact with each other in groups, like families, communities, and societies. It helps us understand why people do what they do and how society works as a whole.
• Understanding Society -

  Sociology aims to understand how society works, including its structures, institutions, and patterns of behavior. It explores questions like why certain groups have more power or privilege than others, and how social norms and values shape our

  lives.
• Explaining Social Inequality - Sociology seeks to explain

  the causes and consequences of social inequality, including disparities in wealth, education, and opportunities. It investigates how factors like race, gender, and social class contribute to these

  inequalities.
• Promoting Social Justice -Sociology aims to promote social justice by raising awareness of injustices and advocating for positive social change. It seeks to challenge discrimination, oppression, and other forms of injustice within society.
• Perspectives of Anthropology

  • Holism
  • Relativism
• Enhancing Social Welfare - Sociology seeks to improve the well-being of individuals and communities by identifying social problems and developing solutions to address them. It aims to inform policy-making and social interventions to

  promote positive outcomes for all members of society.
• Structural functionalism - sees society like a big machine, where each part has a job to keep things running smoothly. It focuses on how different parts of society work together to maintain stability and order.
• Conflict theory - views society as a battleground where different groups fight for power and resources. It emphasizes the role of conflict and inequality in shaping society, focusing on how dominant groups oppress and exploit 
• Symbolic interactionism - looks at how people interact with each other and the meanings they attach to symbols and gestures in their everyday lives. It focuses on the importance of symbols, language, and communication in shaping social interactions and relationships.
• Perspectives of Sociology

  • Structural Functionalism
  • Conflict Theory
  • Symbolic interactionism
• Political science - the academic discipline that studies government systems, political behavior, and the processes by which decisions are made within societies.
• Understanding Political

  Systems - Political science aims to understand how different forms of government work, from democracies to dictatorships. It explores the structures, institutions, and processes that shape political systems.
• Explaining Political Behavior - Political science seeks to explain why people behave the way they do in politics, including voting, protesting, or running for office. It examines the motivations, attitudes, and actions of individuals and groups in political contexts.
• Analyzing Public Policy - Political science examines how public policies are formulated, implemented, and evaluated by governments. It investigates the impact of policies on society and assesses their effectiveness in addressing societal challenges.
• Predicting Political Outcomes -Political science aims toforecast political events and outcomes, such as election results, policy changes, or international conflicts. It uses theories, models, and data analysis to make informed predictions about future developments.
• Promoting Good Governance -Political science seeks to contribute to the improvement of governance practices and the functioning of political systems. It advocates for transparency,

  accountability, and ethical decision-making in government.
• Perspectives of Political Science

  • Pluralism
  • Elitism
  • Marxism
• Pluralism - sees society as made up of many different groups with competing interests. It believes that power is dispersed among these groups, and decisions are made through negotiation and compromise.
• Elitism - suggests that power is concentrated in the hands of elite group within society, such as wealthy individuals, corporate leaders, or political insiders. It argues that these elites hold disproportionate influence over decision-making.
• Definition of society has two types

  • functional definition
  • structural definition.
• Functional definition - defined as a complex of groups in reciprocal relationships, interacting upon one another, enabling human organisms to carry on their life-activities and helping each person to fulfill his wishes and accomplish his interests in association with his fellows.
• Structural definition - society is the total social heritage of folkways, mores and institutions; of habits, sentiments and ideals. The important aspect of society is the system of relationships, the pattern of the norms of interaction by which the members of the society maintain themselves.
• reasons people live together as a society (Ariola, 2012)

  • For survival
  • Feeling of gregariousness
  • Specializations
• Characteristics of Society

  • a social system
  • relatively large
  • socializes its members and from those from without.
  • endures, produces and sustains its members for generations.
  • holds its members through a common culture.
  • clearly-defined geographical territory.