Ziyensziya

• Metals


  Luster, shiny
• Metals

  • Ductile, can be drawn into wire
  • Malleable, can be hammered into sheets
  • High melting point
  • Very dense
  • Good conductors of electricity and heat
• Chemical property of metals

  Reaction with water and oxygen, resulting in corrosion and rust
• Non-metals

  • Do not have luster, dull
  • Brittle, break easily
  • Not ductile or malleable
  • Low density
  • Low melting point, poor conductors of heat and electricity
• Metalloids


  • Have properties of both metals and non-metals
  • Solids that can be shiny or dull
  • Conduct electricity and heat better than non-metals but not as well as metals
  • Malleable and ductile
• Periodic trends


  Specific patterns present in the periodic table that illustrate different aspects of an element, including its size and electronic properties
• Periodic trends include

  • Electronegativity
  • Ionization Energy
  • Electron Affinity
  • Atomic Radius
  • Melting point
  • Metallic Character
• Electron configuration

  • Shorthand method of writing the location of electrons by sublevel
  • Designation of the most probable distribution of electrons in an atom
• Electron configuration example: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 5f14 6d10 6p6 7s2 7p6 8s2
• Aufbau principle


  Electrons occupy the orbitals of lowest energy first
• Air entry into the body

  1. Nose

  2. Nasal passages

  3. Windpipe or trachea

  4. Bronchial tubes or bronchi

  5. Bronchioles

  6. Alveoli
• Pauli exclusion principle


  • A maximum of two electrons may occupy a single orbital, but only if the electrons have opposite spins
  • To occupy the same orbital, two electrons must have opposite spins
• Breathing

  1. Inhale - diaphragm contracts

  2. Exhale - diaphragm relaxes
• Oxygen delivery to cells

  1. Air enters lungs

  2. Into left part of heart

  3. Pumped through bloodstream

  4. Oxygen processes nutrients to release energy

  5. Carbon dioxide produced as waste

  6. Blood delivers carbon dioxide to right part of heart

  7. Pumped to lungs

  8. Carbon dioxide exhaled
• Heart


  • Hollow muscular organ, about the size of a fist, located in the center of the chest between the lungs
  • Double pump that pumps on the left and right sides
  • Each side divided into two chambers - atrium (top) and ventricle (bottom)
  • Valves act as one-way doors
• Heart rate/pulse


  • Number of times the heart beats per minute
  • Slows down at rest as body needs less oxygen
• Cigarette smoking


  • Harms nearly every organ in the body
  • Increases heart rate and blood pressure
  • Causes coronary heart disease, arteriosclerosis, and vascular diseases
  • Causes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, cough, colds, tuberculosis, lung cancer, and other respiratory infections
• The best way to prevent diseases in the respiratory and circulatory systems is to have a healthy lifestyle, which includes balanced diet, regular exercise, adequate rest, proper hygiene, and avoiding vices such as cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking
• Circulatory and respiratory disease can easily be detected with regular health check-up and physical screening
• Incomplete dominance


  Phenotype of offspring is somewhere in between the phenotypes of both parents; a completely dominant allele does not occur
• Codominance


  Both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype of the heterozygote
• Multiple alleles


  A gene can have more than two alleles
• Spin


  Electrons have an associated "spin," either one way or the other, like a top
• ABO blood type in humans

  • Three common alleles for the gene that controls this characteristic
• Sex-linked trait


  • Trait is on the X chromosome
  • Females have two X chromosomes and can inherit or carry the trait without being affected if it acts in a recessive manner
• Sex-limited traits


  Expressed exclusively in one sex
• Sex-influenced traits


  Expressed in both sexes but more frequently in one than in the other sex
• Genes are located in the chromosomes
• DNA


  • Contains the information needed to form and control the physical make-up and chemical processes of an organism
  • Double-stranded helix made up of repeating units of nucleotides
  • Nucleotide composed of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine)
• Metals

  • Luster - shiny
  • Ductile - can be drawn into wire
  • Malleable - can be hammered into sheets
  • High melting point
  • Very dense
  • Good conductors of electricity and heat
  • Reaction with water and oxygen results in corrosion and rust
• Non-metals


  • No luster - dull
  • Brittle - break easily
  • Not ductile or malleable
  • Low density
  • Low melting point
  • Poor conductors of heat and electricity
• Metalloids


  • Have properties of both metals and non-metals
  • Solids that can be shiny or dull
  • Conduct electricity and heat better than non-metals but not as well as metals
  • Malleable and ductile
• Periodic trends


  Specific patterns in the periodic table that illustrate different aspects of an element, including its size and electronic properties
• Periodic trends include

  • Electronegativity
  • Ionization Energy
  • Electron Affinity
  • Atomic Radius
  • Melting point
  • Metallic Character
• Electron configuration

  • Shorthand method of writing the location of electrons by sublevel
  • Designation of the most probable distribution of electrons in an atom
• Aufbau principle


  Electrons occupy the orbitals of lowest energy first
• Pauli exclusion principle


  A maximum of two electrons may occupy a single orbital, but only if the electrons have opposite spins
• Hund's rule


  Single electrons with the same spin must occupy each equal-energy orbital before additional electrons with opposite spins can occupy the same orbitals
• Orbitals

  • s: 1 orbital (maximum of 2 electrons)
  • p: 3 orbitals (maximum of 6 electrons)
  • d: 5 orbitals (maximum of 10 electrons)
  • f: 7 orbitals (maximum of 14 electrons)
• Valence electrons

  Equal to the Group number (Roman Numeral) of the elements