History of Biology

• Specialized Fields of Biology

  • Anatomy - the study of the structures of entire organisms and their internal parts
  • Cytology - the study of the structures and functions of the cells
  • Ecology - the study of how organisms interact with their environment and with other organisms
  • Morphology - the study of the gross structures and forms of organisms
  • Genetics - the study of how traits are inherited and passed on from one generation to the next
  • Histology - the study of tissues
  • Molecular biology - the study of the subcellular structures of the cells, particularly the DNA and the RNA
  • Parasitology - the study of the organisms that live in or on other organisms and the diseases they cause
  • Physiology - the study of how the body and its parts work
  • Taxonomy - the study of the classification and evolutionary interrelationships among organisms
  • Evolutionary biology - the study of the origin and differentiation of organisms
  • Embryology - the study of the development and growth of organisms
  • Paleontology - the study of fossils, the preserved remains and traces of organisms from the distant past
  • Microbiology - the study of microorganisms such as bacteria, protozoans, and viruses
• 2 Major Divisions of Biology

  • Botany - the study of plants
  • Zoology - the study of animals
• Specialized Fields of Biology

  • Anatomy - the study of the structures of entire organisms and their internal parts
  • Cytology - the study of the structures and functions of the cells
  • Ecology - the study of how organisms interact with their environment and with other organisms
  • Morphology - the study of the gross structures and forms of organisms
  • Genetics - the study of how traits are inherited and passed on from one generation to the next
  • Histology - the study of tissues
  • Molecular biology - the study of the subcellular structures of the cells, particularly the DNA and the RNA
  • Parasitology - the study of the organisms that live in or on other organisms and the diseases they cause
  • Physiology - the study of how the body and its parts work
  • Taxonomy - the study of the classification and evolutionary interrelationships among organisms
  • Evolutionary biology - the study of the origin and differentiation of organisms
  • Embryology - the study of the development and growth of organisms
  • Paleontology - the study of fossils, the preserved remains and traces of organisms from the distant past
  • Microbiology - the study of microorganisms such as bacteria, protozoans, and viruses
• Biosphere is also known as

  Sphere/Circle of life
• The biosphere contains 3 layers:

  Hydrosphere, Atmosphere, and Lithosphere
• The scientific method


  A logical and orderly procedure used to discover facts
• The scientific process has 6 parts. Name it in order

  Observation - Question - Hypothesis - Experiment - Analysis/ analyze results - Conclusion
• Observation


  Process of using our senses to describe things or phenomena
• Formulating Questions must not be:

  Too broad nor too vague that it can't be answered
• Formulating Questions must be SMART. What does SMART mean?

  Specific

  Measurable

  Achievable

  Relevant

  Time-bound
• Hypothesis


  An educated guess
• A hypothesis must contain:

  Relevant variables, Specific group being studied, and the predicted outcome of the experiment or analysis
• Indipendent Variable: 


  This is the cause of the dependent variable
• Dependent Variable


  This is the effect of the independent variable
• If our hypothesis is "Attending more lectures lead to better exam results", then what is the Independent Variable

  "Attending more lectures"
• If our hypothesis is "Attending more lectures lead to better exam results", then what is the dependent variable?

  "Better exam results"
• Microscope


  An instrument that uses lens to produced an enlarged and focused image
• Magnification


  The ratio between the image size and object size
• Resolution


  The smallest degree of separation at which two objects are viewed as distinct from one another
• compound light microscope


  bends light through a specimen to produce a magnified image
• condenser lens


  focuses light through the specimen