circulatory system

• Circulatory System


  Responsible for transporting oxygenated blood from the heart and lungs via the arteries, and transporting deoxygenated blood back to the heart through the veins
• Functions of the Circulatory System

  • Delivers oxygen and nutrients to all cells in the human body
  • Transports carbon dioxide and other wastes away from the cells
  • Helps in the coagulation process
  • Regulates body temperature
  • Assists in fighting diseases
• Two Main Components of the Circulatory System

  • Cardiovascular System (heart, blood vessels and blood)
  • Lymphatic System (lymph, lymph nodes and vessels)
• Heart


  Hollow muscular organ with four chambers, surrounded by a thin, fluid-filled sac called pericardium, about the size of a person's clenched fist
• Layers of the Heart

  • Epicardium (thin, watery membrane on the outer layer)
  • Myocardium (thick layer of cardiac muscle in the middle layer)
  • Endocardium (thin layer of epithelial cells in the inner layer)
• Pericardium


  Membrane that encloses the heart and the roots of the major heart vessels, protects the heart and prevents friction during heart contractions
• Layers of the Pericardium

  • Parietal pericardium (dense connective tissue that protects the heart and maintains its position)
  • Visceral pericardium (envelopes the heart and forms epicardium)
• Chambers of the Heart

  • Right Atrium (receives deoxygenated blood from the body)
  • Right Ventricle (receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary artery)
  • Left Atrium (receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it into the left ventricle)
  • Left Ventricle (receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta)
• Valves of the Heart

  • Right AV (atrioventricular) valve (tricuspid valve, closes to prevent blood from flowing back to the right atrium)
  • Left AV (atrioventricular) valve (bicuspid or mitral valve, closes to prevent blood from flowing back to the left atrium)
• Septa


  • Interatrial Septum (partition that separates the right atrium from the left atrium)
  • Interventricular Septum (separates the right ventricle from the left ventricle)
• Coronary Circulation


  Receives blood supply through the left and right coronary arteries, and coronary veins return the oxygen depleted blood from the heart muscle back to the heart
• Functions of the Heart

  • Cardiac Cycle (systole and diastole)
  • Electrical Conduction System (initiated by the sinoatrial node)
  • ECG/electrocardiogram (graphical representation of the cardiac cycle's activity)
  • Heart Sounds ("Lubb" and "Dupp")
  • Heart Rate and Cardiac Output
  • Pulse
  • Blood Pressure
• Disorders of the Heart

  • Angina pectoris
  • Aortic stenosis
  • Bacterial endocarditis
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Myocardial infarction
  • Pericarditis
• Diagnostic Tests for Heart Disorders

  • Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)
  • Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or Serum Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT)
  • Cholesterol
  • Creatine Kinase (CK)
  • Creatine Kinase-MB (CK-MB)
  • Digoxin
  • ECG
  • Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme
  • Microbial Cultures
  • Myoglobin
  • Potassium
  • Triglycerides
  • Troponin T (TnT)
• Vascular System


  The loop which consists of a system of blood vessels through which blood is circulated to the rest of the body
• Two Divisions of the Vascular System

  • Pulmonary circulation
  • Systemic circulation
• Structures of the Vascular System

  • Arteries
  • Arterioles
  • Veins
  • Venules
  • Capillaries
• Layers of Blood Vessels

  • Tunica adventitia (outer connective tissue)
  • Tunica media (middle muscle and elastic fiber)
  • Tunica intima (inner, endothelial cells)
• Lumen


  The hollow interior of a blood vessel
• Valves


  Structures in blood vessels that allow blood to flow in only one direction
• Disorders of the Vascular System

  • Aneurysm
  • Arteriosclerosis
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Embolism
  • Embolus
  • Hemorrhoids
  • Phlebitis
  • Thrombophlebitis
  • Thrombus
  • Varicose veins
• Diagnostic Tests of the Vascular System

  • D-dimer
  • Fibrin degradation products (FDP)
  • Lipoproteins
  • Prothrombin Time (PT)
  • Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
  • Triglycerides
• Blood


  The red fluid that is transported throughout the body through the circulatory system, composed of plasma and other formed elements
• Composition of Blood


  • Arterial Blood
  • Venous Blood
• Components of Blood


  • Plasma (clear, straw-colored liquid portion of the blood)
  • Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
  • Leukocytes (white blood cells)
  • Thrombocytes (platelets)
• Blood Typing


  The human blood type is inherited and determined by the antigens on the surface of the red blood cells, and the blood contains or can develop antibodies directed at the opposite blood type
• ABO Blood Group System

  System of classifying human blood by the presence of antigens A and B and based on the antigenic components found on the surface of the red blood cells
• Rh Blood Group System

  System of classification based on the "D" antigen or the Rh factor, Rh positive (Rh+) have red blood cells that have the D antigen while the Rh negative (Rh -) does not have the D antigen
• Blood Specimens


  • Serum
  • Plasma
  • Whole blood
• Anemia


  Caused by not having enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin
• Patient's blood


  Could be classified as A, B, O, or AB (universal patients)
• Rh Blood Group System


  System of classification of primary importance in obstetrics because of the hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
• Rh positive (Rh+)


  Have red blood cells that have the D antigen
• Rh negative (Rh -)


  Do not have the D antigen
• Compatibility and cross-match


  Necessary to determine the compatibility of the donor and recipient's blood because an individual who do not produce the D antigen will produce anti-D which could be fatal if they encounter the D antigen
• Blood specimen collected for testing

  • Serum
  • Plasma
  • Whole blood
• Blood Disorders


  • Anemia
  • Leukemia
  • Leukocytosis
  • Leukopenia
  • Polycythemia
  • Thrombocytosis
  • Thrombocytopenia
• Diagnostic Test for Blood Disorders

  • ABO & RH type
  • Bone marrow examination
  • Complete Blood Count (CBC)
  • Cross-match
  • Differential (diff)
  • Eosinophil (Eos) count
  • Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
  • Ferritin
  • Hematocrit (Hct)
  • Hemoglabin (Hb or Hgb)
  • Hemogram
  • Indices (MCH, MCV, MCHC)
  • Iron (Fe)
  • Reticulocyte (retic) count
  • Total iron-b-nding capacity (TIBC)
• Lymphatic System


  Network of tissues and organs responsible for the removal of toxins and waste in the body
• Primary function of Lymphatic System

  • Transport the white blood cells to and from the lymph nodes throughout the body