Psychology Exam corrections

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  Research in a laboratory has shown that people are more likely to help someone of a differrent race to themselves. Explain 2 ways the study by Pilliavin et al differrs from this research

  
  

  The study by Pilliavin was conducted in a field setting ( the new york subway )and not a laboratory setting

  On the drunk trials especially the drunk trials received help from primarilly those of his own race which showed a slight same race helping tendancy
• From the study by Milgram the experimenter was wearing a ....... grey technicians coat 
• A control is a factor that ...... stays the same throughout an experiment
• Features of a field experiment : Has an IV that can be manipulated. Has a DV that can be measured Takes place in a setting that is normal for the participants
• What were the control variables in Pilliavins study?

  The modelling condition - because every participant witnessed only one model condition

  Appearance of the victim

  The length of a train ride - 7 and a half minutes
• For Pilliavins study state how the victim condition was chosen: The team of researchers were told to alternate conditions across days
• What are the studies under the learning approach? Bandura et al ( aggression )Fagen et al ( elephant learning )Saavedra and Silverman ( button phobia ) 
• What are the studies under the cognitive approach? Andrade ( doodling )Baron-Cohen et al ( eyes test )Pozzulo et al ( line ups ) 
• What are the 2 main assumptions of the cognitive approach? Information is processed through the same route in all humans : input - process - output in a similar way to computers

  People have individual differences in their cognitive proccessing such as attention language thinking and memory. These processes can help to explain behaviur and emotion exam::corrections
• What are the 2 main assumptions of the learning approach?

  We all begin life as a blank slate. Experiences and interactions with the environment shape our behaviur and these changes are directly observable

  We learn through the process of operant conditioning classical conditioning and social learning. exam::corrections
• What was the psychology being investigated in the study by Andrade?

  The relationship between doodling and concentration whether it aids or harms it.

   Whether arousal needs to be maintained in order for one to be able to concentrate

  Whether dual tasks compete for ones attention
• The social salience hypothesis states that .... those who are of higher pre-disposed empathy are likely to prefere closer interpersonal distances after the administration of oxytocin while those with lower pre-disposed empathy are likely to prefer larger interpersonal distances after the administation of ocytocin exam::corrections
• A case study is ..... a study of a single unit or an individual where detailed data is collected exam::corrections
• What are some similarities between the studies by Miligram and Pilliavin? In both studies there were ethical issues that were broken. Both studies used quantitative data exam::corrections
• Describe the sample used in the study by

  Piliavin et al. (subway Samaritans). 4450 participants Both males and femalesOn the 8th Avenue A and D New York trainsRode the trians between 11am and 3pmThe participants an opportunity sample exam::corrections
• Identify one strength of the participant sample used in the study by Andrade The fact that the participants were from a wide range of ages made was a strength as it made the study more generialisable exam::corrections
• What is a non-directional hypothesis? This is a two-tailed hypothesis that simply states that there will be a difference between the two groups/conditions but does not state the exact relationship between the two e.g; which condition will be greater or smaller exam::corrections
• What is a directional hypothesis? This is a hypothesis that states which way one thinks the results of the hypothesis are going to go - the relationship between the two conditions exam::corrections
• What is a null hypothesis? The null hypothesis states that the alternative or experimental hypothesis is not the case - 'there will NOT be a hypothesis' exam::corrections
• Explain one reason why a structured interview should be standardised In order to ensure that every participant is treated fairly so that the results collected are reliable exam::corrections
• What is an extreneous variable? This is any variable that is not being investigated that can potentially affect the DV of your study exam::corrections
• Outline what is meant by voulnteer sampling  Researchers choosing a group of participants who choose to take part in the study or participants who responded to a request to take part in the study : self-selecting participants exam::corrections
• Correlatioal data must be collected on a _____ scale exam::corrections
• Explain what is meant by ecological validity This referrs to the extent to which the findings of a study set in one situation would generalise to other situations e.g: whether findings from a laboratory study are relevant to life outside the lab exam::corrections
• Explain what is meant by a critical item  This is an item/question that is related to the IV that can be manipulated in orde to enable data collection for the DV exam::corrections
• Explain one strength of a repeated measures design It accounts for participant variables/ individual differences due to the fact that is participants happen to have individual differences they wont matter due to the fact that they will al be on their own baseline exam::corrections
• Explain why reliability is important in experiments If the DV of an experiment is not measured reliably then the data collected canot test for a casual relationship exam::corrections
• Define mindfulness as laid out by the study by Hozel et al. nonjudgmental attention to experiences in the present moment  exam::corrections
• Outline what is meant by a fatigue effect a decline in performance on a prolonged or demanding research task that is generally attributed to the participant becoming tired or bored with the task. exam::corrections
• Explain how pilliavin broke the ethical guideline of deception Pilliavin deliberately misinfromed the subjects of the true state of the victims - the drunk victim was not drunk in reality and the ill victim was not ill in reality exam::corrections
• Name the psychological concepts investigated in the study by saveedra and silverman Operant conditioningClassical conditioningThe genesis and treatment on phobias exam::corrections
• Outline the instructions that were given only to the ‘doodling’ group. These

  were given before they listened to the telephone message. They were asked to shade in the squares and circles; They were told it does not matter how neatly they do it; They were told it does not matter how quickly they do it; They were told it was to relieve any boredom; exam::corrections
• Identify the categories of childrens 'imitation of physical agression': Hitting Bobo with a mallet; Sitting on the Bobo doll and punching the Bobo doll (on the nose); Kicking the Bobo doll; Tossing the Bobo doll into the air; exam::corrections
• From the study by Dement and Kleitma - outline the procedure from when a participant arrived at the laboratory until the end of the study. Two or more electrodes were attatched on the scalp or near the eyes of the participant.They went to bed in a quiet/dark room.They were woken up at various times during the night by a bell  5 or 15 mins into REM.And asked to recall dreams or estimate time in REM.
• Strengths of the Study by Milgram; High in Reliability : This refers to the The extent to which aprocedure task or measure is consistent. That it would produce the same results with the same people on each occasion.For example the procedure was the same for all participants including the drawing lots for teacher or learner and the prods used.Therefore the standardized procedure eases the process of replication for future study in order to produce consistent results hence this study is high in reliability.Ths results of the study were extremely useful : Usefulness refers to the contribution that the particular research makesto society. The set up of this study which included deception and ensuring participants believed the false aim allowedresearchers to gather important findings such as 65% of theparticipants went to the end (450v) under the persuasion of an authority figure. This clearly shows that people will followthe orders of authority figures so if an act of terrorism occurs it will be useful for the police to find the ‘authority figure’behind it to stop others committing these terrible acts exam::corrections
• Weaknesses of the Study by Milgram; 1. Low on ecologicl validity : This is the the extent to which thefindings of research in one situation would generalise to othrt situations This is either the situation represents the real worldeffectively or the task is relevant to real life.For example the word-pair task required the participant (in the role ofteacher) read out word pairs to the stooge (in the role of learner) on his recognition of which word paired together. The teacher was asked to give an electric shock to teach the learner to do better at a word-pair task if the learner got the answer wrong. The setting is not normal to everyday ife. Sitting in a laboratory in front of ashock generator having to shock somebody who gets a word-pair wrong is not an everyday setting that people find themselves in. Therefore the study lacks ecological validity.2. Ethical isuses : right to withdraw deception protection from harm exam::corrections
• Strengths of the study by Baron Cohen - Use of a naturalistic experiment allows us to learn about AS wven though it cannot be manipulated ( without harming subjects )- Extremenly standardized procedure therefore high in reliabiity exam::corrections
• Weaknesses of the study by Baron Cohen Low ecologial validityuse of QT data doesnt go deep into AS exam::corrections
• From the study by Bandura et al. (aggression):

  Describe how the participants were allocated into the experimental

  groups. They were observed by a teacher aw well as an experimenter and their percieved agressive behaviours were recordedEach participant was then given a composite score on agression from the 4 scalesThe participants were then arranges in threesThey were arranged in terms of who had similar agression scoresThey each had an equal chance of being in one of the experimental groups exam::corrections
• Evaluative learning is a from on __________ conditioning. classical exam::corrections