Geog

• Water Stores


  • Freshwater
  • Saltwater
  • Glaciers
  • Oceans
• Glaciers


  • Large masses of ice that form in cold regions and slowly harden over time
  • Very heavy
• Oceans


  Large masses of water that are connected to one another
• Oceans


  • Pacific Ocean
  • Atlantic Ocean
  • Indian Ocean
  • Arctic Ocean
  • Southern Ocean
• Lakes


  Water bodies surrounded by land
• Rivers


  Natural wide flows of freshwater across the land that store water temporarily
• River source


  The point where a river begins
• River mouth


  The place where a river flows into another water body
• The longest river in Singapore, the Kallang River, is only 10 kilometres long
• The largest river in the world, the Amazon River, is 6,853 kilometres long
• Soil


  The loose topmost layer of Earth's surface where plants grow
• Soil moisture


  Water stored in the soil
• Groundwater


  Water found below the surface of the Earth, filling up the pores and cracks of rocks
• Singapore does not make much use of its groundwater currently, but PUB has been monitoring Singapore's groundwater levels through sensors placed in walls to better understand our groundwater for possible future uses
• Hydrological cycle


  A sequence of processes that describe how water is naturally cycled on Earth
• Hydrological cycle


  1. Precipitation

  2. Surface runoff

  3. Percolation

  4. Groundwater flow

  5. Transpiration

  6. Evaporation

  7. Condensation
• Catchment


  An area that drains water to a river mouth
• The hydrological cycle shows the cycle of water on Earth
• Condensation occurs when water vapour in the air changes into water droplets
• Transpiration is the process by which plants give out water vapour through their leaves
• Evaporation is the process where the Sun's heat causes water to change into water vapour
• Water budget


  The amount of water increases when input is more than output
• When input matches output

  There is no change in the amount of water available
• When input is less than output

  The amount of water decreases
• Singapore draws its water supply from the Linggiu Reservoir in Johor, Malaysia
• The Linggiu Reservoir almost ran out of water in 2017 due to lack of rain, leading to a water deficit in Singapore
• Glossary terms


  • Bedrock
  • Catchment
  • Condensation
  • Distribution
  • Evaporation
  • Flow
  • Freshwater
  • Gaseous
  • Glacier
  • Groundwater
  • Groundwater flow
  • Hydrological cycle
  • Infiltration
  • Input
  • Lake
  • Liquidate
  • Natural process
  • Output
  • Percolation
  • Physical state
  • Porosity
  • Precipitation
  • River
  • River mouth
  • River source
  • Soil
  • Soil moisture
  • Solid
  • Store/Storage
  • Surface runoff
  • Transpiration
  • Water deficit
  • Water surplus
• Water stores


  Places where water is contained, categorised as freshwater and saltwater stores
• Freshwater stores


  • Glaciers
  • Rivers
  • Lakes
  • Groundwater
  • Soils
• Saltwater stores


  • Oceans
• Water stores are not evenly distributed on the Earth's surface
• Water can move from one store to another through flows
• Glaciers


  Large masses of ice that rest on land or float in the sea, formed where it snows throughout the year so that ice accumulates and hardens into ice
• Oceans


  Large masses of water that are connected to one another, there are five oceans in the world
• The five oceans


  • Pacific Ocean
  • Atlantic Ocean
  • Indian Ocean
  • Arctic Ocean
  • Southern Ocean
• Lakes


  Water bodies that receive water from rivers and other sources
• Rivers


  Flow of water from a place of higher elevation to a lower place, the river source marks where it begins and the river mouth is where it flows into another water body
• The longest river in Singapore is the Kallang River, which is only 10km long, compared to the longest river in the world, the Amazon River, which is 853km long
• Soil


  A layer of the Earth's surface containing mineral particles, organic matter, air and water
• Groundwater


  Water found below the surface of the Earth, entering the ground through pores in the soil due to gravity and forming in the cracks and spaces of rocks