Global Demography

• the study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations.

  Demography
• view multiple children and large kinship networks as critical investments. The children can take over agricultural work. The children will also take care of their parents when they are old.

  Rural families
• often do not live with large kinship and lives far away. Thus, they resolve issues on their own. These families have their sights on long-term saving plans for retirement, health care, and future education of the child/children.

  Urban families
• the state whereby the human population rises to an extent exceeding the carrying capacity of the ecological setting.

  Overpopulation
• What are the four perils of overpopulation?

  1.Population growth will exhaust world supply (Malthus, 1798; Ehrlich & Ehlrich (1960).

  2. Ecological degradation

  3. Increased conflicts,

  4. Higher risk of large-scale disasters like pandemics.
• a popular term for what doctor’s call “anti-libidinal” treatment. It means reducing male testosterone by administering a drug similar to the female hormone progesterone through injections or pills.

  Chemical castration
• Chemical Castration is set as a corporal punishment for sex offenders in Pakistan, South Korea, United States, The Czech Republic, Ukraine, and Nigeria
• the surgical removal of one (unilateral) or both (bilateral) fallopian tubes.

  Salpingectomy
• taxing an additional child and luxury taxes on child 0 related products.

  Policy-oriented
• Medical intervention

  Bizarre
• paying off men who would agree to be sterilized (to undergo vasectomy) after having two (2) children.

  Monetary Incentives
• create a powerful Department for Population Environment mitigation.

  Institutions building
• By limiting the population, vital resources could be used for economic progress and not be “diverted” and “wasted” to feeding more mouths. This argument is the basis for government “population control” programs worldwide.
• The Philippines, China, and India sought to lower birth rates on the belief that unless controlled, the free expansion of family members would lead to a crisis in resources, which in return may result in widespread poverty, mass hunger, and political instability.
• Advocates of population control contend for universal access to reproductive technologies (such as condoms, the pill, abortion, and vasectomy) and, more importantly, giving women the right to choose whether to have children or not.
• Some studies show that population growth is linked to economic development and Population growth increases workforce.
• exists when all people at all times have physical and economic access to adequate, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs for an active and healthy life (WHO, n.d.).

  Food security
• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) recommends that countries increase their investments in AGRICULTURE, craft LONG–TERM POLICIES, and RESEARCH and DEVELOPMENT.

  GREEN REVOLUTION
• Overpopulation is not a problem itself.
• 4 pillars of food security:

  availability- increase production

  accessibility- institutions must open our market for easy access

  adequacy- food must be adequate of need

  sustainability- the 3 must be continous
• refers to how many people belong in a certain age group

  Demographic Structure
• young age- 15y.o below

  working group- above 15 but below 60

  old age- 60y.o and above
• points that the population growth is just part of a trend.

  Theory of Demographic Transition
• 4 stages of Demographic Transition

  1. Pre-Industrial Period- it is before the invention of steamed engine, and has high birth rate and high mortality rate.
  2. Early Industrialization- it is Malthus based and has high birthrate but low mortality rate.
  3. Industrial Theorem- strength does not matter anymore and women and men are equally valued in the workforce.
  4. Aging Population
• total numbers of how many woman can bear.

  Fertility rate
• this is the main solution when population is aging, and there is not enough working group.

  encourage migrants
• this is the problem of China today due to the imposition of birth control

  decline in birth rate
• the study of the worldwide population

  Global demography
• it looks at how different families and regions make choices about having children and how this affects the world

  Global demography
• Having children is not just about feelings its also about money.
• Rural place tend to have families with more children and view children as a large kinship networks such as critical investments.
• Urban place families desire to have one or two children and not have the same kinship network.
• In his book "An Essay on the Principle of Population" (1798), he warned of the inevitability of population growth outpacing food production.

  Thomas Malthus
• In their book "The Population Bomb" (1968) they said that overpopulation would cause global disasters like food shortages and mass starvation in the 1970's and 1980's.

  Paul R. Ehrlich, and Anne H. Ehrlich
• this is advocated by the American Policy Journal Affairs in 1958, and is said to be a practical solutions to global economic, social, and political problems.

  Contraception and Sterilization
• They contend for universal access to reproductive technologies and give women the right to choose whether not to or to have children.

  Advocates of Population Control
• a theory that states overpopulation may increase resource depletion and encironmrntal degredation.

  Neo-Malthusian Theory
• a professor emerita of development studies and disagrees with the advocates of neo-malthusian theory.

  Betsy Hartmann
• this increased yields globally particularly in developing world.

  Green Revolution
• The global famine that neo-malthusians predicted did not happen.