Tests for:

Cards (13)

  • Carbonates:
    Add acid - observe fizzing.
  • Sulfates:
    Add Ca2+ or lower - observe white precipitate.
  • Hydroxide:
    Add Ca2+ or higher - observe white precipitate
  • Ester - Sweet smelling.
  • Alkene:
    • Bromine water - Colour change from brown to colourless.
    • Acidified Potassium Manganate - Colour change from purple to colourless.
  • Halogenoalkanes:
    1. Reflux with aqueous sodium hydroxide
    2. Neutralise with dilute nitric acid
    3. Add silver nitrate
    Results:
    Cl- = White precipitate (AgCl), dissolves in conc and dilute NH3
    Br- = Cream precipitate (AgBr), dissolves in conc NH3
    I- = Pale yellow precipitate (AgI), does not dissolve in NH3
  • Alcohols:
    • Reflux with acidified potassium dichromate - colour change from orange to green.
    • Primary - oxidises to Aldehyde - oxidises to carboxylic acid.
    • Secondary - oxidises to ketone
    • Tertiary - does not oxidise
  • Carboxylic acid:
    • Add Na2CO3 or NaHCO3 - Observe fizzing or effervescence.
  • Phenol:
    • Add bromine water - Colour change from orange-brown to colourless to white precipitate
    • Iron III Chloride - Colour change from pale yellow to purple.
  • Aldehydes and Ketones:
    • Add 2,4 DNPH - Orange-red precipitate
  • Aldehydes:
    • Reflux with acidified potassium dichromate - colour change from orange to green.
    • Reflux with acidified potassium manganate - colour change from purple to colourless
    • Tollens reagent: - Add a small amount to the test tube (in water bath) - silver mirror (distinguish between aldehyde and ketone as ketone does not react)
    • Fehling's Reagent: - Warm together in test tube, colour change from blue to red-brown precipitate
  • Amine:
    • HNO2 (made in situ NaNO2 + HCL) - Observe bubbles.
  • Amide:
    • Hydrolyse - Smells fishy.