English

• Focus Group Discussion (FGD)


  Used to understand the thinking, feeling or opinion, about a certain phenomenon, idea and etc. FGD is conducted with a small group of people with common knowledge and common field (usually, 6 to 8 people)
• Interview


  Performed by personally asking questions to people who have the authority or expertise to say something about the data needed
• Observation


  Focuses on determining the changes in the attitude, characteristic and behavior of other people or subject
• Questionnaire

  The most practical way to use if you have a big number of sample
• Types of questions


  • Closed question
  • Open-ended question
  • Multiple choice question
• Closed question


  Questions that can be answered "Yes" or "No"
• Open-ended question


  Questions that allow someone to give a free-form answer
• Academic writing


  • Formal and unbiased
  • Clear and precise
  • Focused and well structured
  • Well-sourced
  • Correct and consistent
• Formality in academic writing

  • More formal words and phrases are used
  • More formal vocabulary choice
  • Correct use of grammar
  • Accurate use of vocabulary
  • More objective style
• Accuracy in academic writing

  Necessary to use accurate terminologies
• Objectivity in academic writing


  • Focuses on facts rather than personal feelings
  • Fairness is an integral part
• Explicitness in academic writing

  • Uses sources to support claims, must cite sources
  • Consider credibility and appropriateness of sources
• Precision in academic writing


  Need to be specific, especially with facts, figures and dates
• Literary writing


  • Also called "creative writing"
  • Focuses on creative expression, artistic communication, and aesthetic appeal
• Features of literary writing

  • Content: Imaginative, metaphoric, symbolic
  • Audience: General
  • Purpose: Entertain, provoke, captivate
  • Style: Informal, artistic, figurative
  • Tone: Subjective
  • Vocabulary: General
• Metaphor in literary writing

  Comparing life to a theatrical performance, highlighting the idea that humans play different roles
• General audience of literary works

  Readers who seek entertainment, emotional engagement, and exploration of themes and human experience
• Purpose of literary writing

  To entertain readers
• Style of literary writing

  • Informal: Uses conversational language, contractions, and colloquialisms
  • Artistic: Focuses on creating vivid imagery and evoking emotions through descriptive language, sensory details, and creative metaphors
  • Figurative: Utilizes figurative language like metaphors, similes, personification, and other techniques that add depth and layers of meaning
  • Subjective: Expresses personal feelings and perspectives
• Verbal communication


  Phone call, public speaking
• Non-verbal communication


  • Body language: Posture, gestures, movements
  • Eye contact: Maintaining, avoiding
• Crossing arms may indicate defensiveness or disagreement
• Nodding the head indicates agreement and understanding