Why migration is complex

• Economic globalisation

  Leading to the emergence of new source areas and host destinations
• high concentration of young female workers and female migrants

  YOUNG WORKERS

  reasons- economic greater employement opportunities, higher wages and the possibility of remittance

  demand for oil workers in the Middle East

  FEMALE MIGRANTS

  growth in the number of female migrants can be accounted for by their greater independence, status, freedom and increasing importance as main income earners

  main destination of female graduates include canada, USA and Isreal where there is less discrimination and rights are better respected
• Flows in south-south corridors are now equal in magnitude to those in south-north corridors

  In the 21st century the largest international migrant flows had been from the poorer less developed countries of the south to the wealthier more developed countries of the north

  south-south migration is mainly labour migration

  main reasons for the magnitude of south-south flows include

  -fast growing economies in the south which offer employment opportunites and are increasingly accessible

  -increased awareness of opportunities in the south from improved communications
• Burkina Faso to Ivory coast (south-south migration)

  Burkina Faso is a landlocked low income country

  the movement can be explained by

  -employment opportunities and higher wages available in ivory's coast cocoa and coffee plantations

  -opportunities for migrant farmers in the more fertile lands of the ivory coast

  -shared language currency and cultural system
• Conflict and persecution have increased numbers of refugees

  A refugee is someone who has moved outside the country of his nationality because of genuine fear of persecution or death

  -Lebanon has been so overwhelmed by Syrian refugees that in January 2015 the government imposed the need for an entry visa whereas before this date movement between the two countries was largely unrestricted

  -some Syrian refugees embarked on more complex journeys
• changes in national immigration and emigration policies

  National migration policies are designed to meet the economic, social and political needs of a country

  some countries encourage emigration to help the development process through the financial benefits of migrant remittances, and the skills, ideas and business contracts brought by returning migrants
• emigration policy- Pakistan

  -lower middle income country

  -Pakistan government is pro emigration

  -migrant remittances are high which helps the socio-economic development of the country

  -policy aims to promote emigration and safeguard migrants
• immigration policy Canada

  -high income country

  -changes were made to the immigration policy it aimed to get long term requirements for engineers, it specialists and health care workers

  -applicants in their twenties and graduates were favoured
• development of distinct corridors of bilateral flows

  Bilateral migration is migrant flow between 2 countries

  explanation of strong bilateral migrant corridors include

  -costs of travel

  -ease of access and communication between 2 countries

  -efficiency and cost of sending remittances

  -effects of conflict

  -employment opportunities and wage differences

  -language
• Inter regional migration

  -migration of highly skilled workers from china, India and brazil to the usa

  -migration of workers from India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Egypt to oil producing gulf states
• intra-regional migration

  -increased migration streams within South America, main drives are disparities in wages and labour opportunities

  -return migration has been high proportion of migrant flows within the eu, includes young workers having achieved their pre planned economic goals