Development Dynamics Edexcel b paper 1

• What are the 3 aspects of development?

  -->Economic:progress in economic growth e.g how wealthy a country is, its level of industrialisation and use of technology.

  -->Social:Improvement in people's standard of living e.g better health care and access to clean water.

  -->Political:having a stable political system with institutions that can meet the needs of society.
• GDP- gross domestic product


  - total value of goods and services a country produces in a year

  - measures wealth

  - gets higher as country develops
• GDP per capita


  - GDP divided by the population of a country

  -measures wealth

  - gets higher as country develops
• GNI- gross national income + GNI per capita


  -total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year, including overseas income

  -per capita: GNI divided by population of a country

  -measures wealth

  - gets higher as country develops
• Birth rate


  -number of live babies born per thousand of the population per year.

  - measures women's rights

  - gets lower as country develops
• Death rate


  - number of deaths per thousand of the population per year

  - measures health

  - gets lower as country develops
• Fertility rate


  -average number of births per woman

  - measures women's rights

  - gets lower as country develops
• Infant mortality rate


  -number of babies who die under 1, per 1000 babies born

  -measures health care

  - gets lower as country develops
• Maternal mortality rate


  -number of women who die due to pregnancy related problems per hundred thousand live births

  -measures health care

  - gets lower as country develops
• Doctors per 1000 of population

  -measures access to health care

  -gets higher as country develops
• Gini coefficient


  -measure of economic inequality. Countries given a score between 0 (equal) and 1 (total inequality)

  - measures inequality

  - gets lower as country develops
• Gender inequality index


  - a number calculated using data on e.g. women's education, job access, political rights and health during pregnancy. Higher score= more inequality

  - measures women's rights

  -gets lower as country develops
• HDI- human development index

  - a number calculated using: life expectancy, education level and income per head. Between 0 (least developed) and 1 (most developed)

  - measures lots of things

  - gets higher as country develops
• CPI- corruption perception index

  - measure of level of corruption believed to exist in the public sector on a scale of 1-100. Lower score= more corruption

  - gets higher as country develops
• What is a composite indicator?

  Used in measuring development, where more than one measure is used, e.g. wealth and something else.Example:the Human Development Index.
• Developing countries: Chad


  >Higher fertility and birth rates:no use of contraception. They have lots of children=poor health care= many infants die . No/little education= no family planning

  >High death rate:poor health care= low life expectancy

  >Population pyramid: wide base which rapidly narrows= more children than older people
• Emerging countries: India


  >Fertility rates fall rapidly:women have a more equal place in society and better education

  >Contraception use increases:women are more career oriented and marry+start family at later age

  >Health care improves:life expectancy increases

  >Population pyramid: base of pyramid starts to narrow and top starts to widen= more people of working age and lower proportion of children
• Developed countries: UK


  >Low fertility rates:people want possessions and high quality of life+ career oriented= marriage and family at a later age

  >Good health care:death rate is low and life expectancy is high.

  >Population pyramid: widens further at the top and base gets narrower, so middle bulges out= more older people, proportion of children decreases
• 2.2 There is global inequality in development and different theories in how it can be reduced
• How does


  Climateaffect how developed a country is?>>Poor climate: too hot/cold:not much vegetation will grow-> reduces food produced-> can lead to malnutrition-> low quality of life

  >>People have fewer crops to sell:reduces livelihood-> reduces quality of life
• How does


  Topography (land shape)affect how developed a country is?>>Steep land=wont produce a lot of food

  >>Steep land= difficult to develop infrastructure:e.g. roads and power lines-> limits trade+ makes it hard to provide basic services
• How does


  Educationaffect how developed a country is?>>Produces a more skilled workforce:country can produce more goods and offer more services -> brings money into country through trade/investment

  >>Higher education=higher earnings:pay more taxes-> provides money for country to spend on development
• How does


  Healthaffect how developed a country is?>>Lack of clean water and good healthcare:many people suffer from diseases such as malaria and cholera.

  >>People who are ill can't work:don't contribute to the economy, can't afford medicine and healthcare because they are too expensive --> less money available to spend on development
• How does


  Colonialismaffect how developed a country is?>> countries that were colonised (rued by a foreign country) are often at a lower development level when they gain independence than they would be if they weren't colonised.

  >>Example:European countries colonised much of Africa in 19th century--> controlled economies, removed raw materials and slaves, sold back expensive manufactured goods--> bad for African development--> made parts of Africa dependent on Europe--> led to famine and malnutrition
• How does


  Neo-colonialismaffect how developed a country is?>> where after colonies gained independence, richer countries continued ti control them indirectly

  >>Example:some TNCs exploit cheap labour and raw materials of poorer countries

  >>International organisations sometimes offer conditional loans:means poorer countries have to develop in the way their donor wants them to.
• How do


  Economic and politicalfactors affect how developed a country is?>>Authoritarian government:can put development policies in place without worrying about anyone stopping them-->Good:for economic development e.g.g rapid growth of China-->Bad:e.g. Cuba's economic crash.

  >>Democratic government:development under them is usually less extreme--> different interest groups prevent either huge growth/ economic collapse
• Why is wealth not spread evenly across all countries?

  - 5 quintiles (lower=poorer)

  -people in the richest 20% (5th Q) have 70.1% of the world's wealth-->Example:UK, Norway and Japan

  -people in the poorest 20% (1st Q) have just 1.0% of the worlds wealth-->Example:Chad, Malawi and Cambodia
• How do global inequalities have a consequence on

  Education?>>Poor countries:can't afford to invest as much in education as richer countries

  >>Poor people:may not be able to afford school fees--> children may have to work instead ti support their families

  >>Lack of education:people can't get better-paid+skilled jobs in the future--> cycle of poverty continues
• How do global inequalities have a consequence on

  Health?>>Developing countries:at higher risks for many diseases than developed countries--> lower life expediencies

  >>Infant mortality:higher in developing countries

  >>Poor people:find it harder ti get good health care and healthy food
• How do global inequalities have a consequence on

  Politics?>>Increases:political instability, crime and discontent in poorer countries

  >>Consequences:civil wars more likely in developing countries--> conflict= increases inequality--> poverty increases--> money is spent on fighting rather than development

  >>Developing countries are often dependent on richer countries:they have less influence over regional and global decisions
• How do global inequalities have a consequence on the


  Environment?>>Resource consumption increases:e.g. food, water and energy--> as people get wealthier--> puts pressure on scarce resources--> threaten ecosystems (urbanisation)

  >>Industrialisation:increases all types of pollution --> release of GH gases enhances the GH effect--> contributes to climate change.

  >>Waste is dumped in landfill sites:untreated sewage, chemical waste and runoff from farmland ends up in rivers and lakes

  >>Developed countries have factories in developing countries or buy goods that are produced there:local pollution often much higher there

  >>Poor people can be trapped in a cycle of environmental damage:e.g. if they cant afford fuel--> have to collect firewood--> lead to deforestation
• What is Rostow's modernisation theory?

  >>Predicts how a country's economic development level changes over time

  >>Describes how a country's economy changes from relying mostly on primary industry (e.g. agriculture), through secondary industry (e.g. manufacturing goods) to tertiary and quaternary industry (e.g. services and research)--? people's living standard increases as well
• What are the stages in Rostow's theory?

  1) Traditional society:subsistence based. Farming, fishing and forestry, little trade

  2) Preconditions for take-off:manufacturing starts to develop, infrastructure is built, international trading begins

  3) Take off:rapid, intensive growth, large-scale industrialisation, increasing wealth

  4) Drive to maturity:economy grows=people get wealthier, living standards rise, widespread technology use

  5) Mass consumption:lots of trade, mass production of goods, wealthier people= high levels of consumption
• What was Frank's dependency theory?

  >>Suggests that some poorer, weaker countries (the periphery) remains poor because they are dependant on the core countries (richer+ more powerful)

  >>Neo-colonialism:richer countries continue ti take advantage of the cheap raw materials and labour available in poorer countries

  >>Richer countries exploit poor countries:by interfering in local politics in those countries or loaning them money with high interest rates--> leads to large debts

  >> poor countries remain dependant on the rich countries

  >> some think that as long as they remain part of the capitalist (free trade, profit seeking) system, these countries cant develop
• 2.3 Approaches to development vary in type and success
• What are


  Top-downapproaches?-Strategy type:controlled government/large organisation e.g. IGO (inter-governmental organisations) or TNCs

  -Scale and aims:aims to solve large scale problems=improve lots of people's lives-->large scale projects e.g. dams, HEP or irrigation schemes

  -Funding:projects are usually very expensive--> some are funded by TNCs/governments from developed countries who will profit from the development. Funded by loans from international organisations e.g. world bank

  -Technology:projects are often high-tech and energy intensive--> construction involves machinery and technology often operated by skilled workers from developed countries--> recipient country becomes dependent on technology and workers from donor country for operation and maintenance
• What are


  Bottom-upapproaches?-Strategy type:local people and communities decide on ways to improve things for their own community--> NGOs (non-governmental organisations) are often involved

  -Scale and aims:aim to improve quality of life for the poorest and most vulnerable people in society-->small-scale projects e.g. building/ maintaining a well in a village

  -Funding:projects are usually much cheaper--> most money comes from charities

  -Technology:projects involve intermediate technology--> local materials are used and local people are employed--> people have the materials and skills to maintain the project
• What are the


  advantagestoNGO-led intermediate technology?>>projects designed to address the needs of people local to where it's being carried out

  >>locally available, cheap materials-->community isn't dependent on expensive imports

  >>labour intensive projects--> creates job for locals
• What are the


  disadvantagestoNGO-led intermediate technology?>>often small-scale projects--> may not benefit everyone

  >>different organisations may not work together--> projects can become inefficient
• What are the


  advantagestoIGO-funded infrastructure?>>can afford to fund large infrastructure projects in D and E countries

  >>projects can improve the country's economy--> helps long-term development

  >>can improve people's quality of life--> better access to reliable power, clean water etc