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• Psychological disorder


  A psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typically expected or culturally expected

  
• Prototype


  How the apparent disease or disorder matches a "typical" profile of a disorder. The patient may have only some features or symptoms of the disorder (a minimum number) and still meet criteria for the disorder because his or her set of symptoms is close to the prototype
• Psychological dysfunction


  • A breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning
• Distress or impairment


  • Distress: The behavior must be associated with distress to be classified as a disorder. Impairment: If you are so shy that you find it impossible to date or even interact with people and you make every attempt to avoid interactions even though you would like to have friends
• Atypical or not culturally expected


  • Behavior that it deviates from the average or violating social norms
• Psychopathology


  The scientific study of psychological disorders
• Mental health professionals


  • Counseling Psychologists
  • Clinical Psychologists
  • Psychiatrists
  • Psychiatric Social Workers
  • Psychiatric Nurses
  • Marriage and Family Therapists
  • Mental Health Counselors
• Scientist-practitioner


  • Keep up with the latest scientific developments in their field and therefore use the most current diagnostic and treatment procedures. 2) Evaluate their own assessments or treatment procedures to see whether they work. 3) Might conduct research that produces new information about disorders or their treatment
• Presenting problem


  Patient "presents" with a specific problem or set of problems
• Prevalence


  How many people in the population as a whole have the disorder
• Incidence


  How many new cases occur during a given period
• Course

  • Chronic
  • Episodic
  • Time-limited
• Onset


  Acute: Begin suddenly. Insidious: Develop gradually over an extended period
• Prognosis


  The anticipated course of a disorder
• Branches of psychology

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Developmental Psychopathology
  • Life-Span Developmental Psychopathology
• Etiology


  The study of origins and has to do with why a disorder begins (what causes it) and includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions
• Historical conceptions of abnormal behavior

  • Supernatural tradition
  • Biological tradition
  • Psychological tradition
• Supernatural tradition


  • Demons and witches, stress and melancholy, treatments for possession, mass hysteria, the moon and the stars
• Biological tradition


  • Hippocrates, Galen, syphilis, John P. Grey, biological treatments (insulin shock therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, drugs)
• Psychological tradition


  • Plato, Aristotle, moral therapy, asylum reform, psychoanalytic theory
• Moral therapy


  Worked best when the number of patients in an institution was 200 or fewer, allowing for a great deal of individual attention
• Dorothea Dix (1802–1887)


  • A schoolteacher who campaigned endlessly for reform in the treatment of insanity
  • Everyone who needed care received it, including the homeless
• Increase in the number of mental patients

  Hospitals were inadequately staffed
• Animal magnetism


  An undetectable fluid found in all living organisms, which could become blocked
• Mesmer's treatment


  1. Patients sit in a dark room around a large vat of chemicals with rods extending from it and touching them

  2. Dressed in flowing robes, he might then identify and tap various areas of their bodies where their animal magnetism was blocked while suggesting strongly that they were being cured
• Jean-Martin Charcot (1825–1893)


  • Head of the Salpétrière Hospital in Paris
  • Legitimize the fledgling practice of hypnosis
• Breuer and Freud's treatment


  Asked patients to describe their problems, conflicts, and fears in as much detail as they could while in a state hypnosis
• Catharsis


  Release of emotional material
• Insight


  A fuller understanding of the relationship between current emotions and earlier events
• Anna O (Bertha Pappenheim, 1859– 1936)


  • Developed hysterical symptoms five months after her father became ill
  • Blurry vision, difficulty moving her right arm and both legs, difficulty speaking
• Neuroses


  Neurotic disorders, from an old term referring to disorders of the nervous system
• Id


  • Source of our strong sexual and aggressive feelings or energies
  • Goal: Maximizing pleasure and eliminating any associated tension or conflicts
  • Primary Process: Type of thinking that is emotional, irrational, illogical, filled with fantasies, and preoccupied with sex, aggression, selfishness, and envy
  • Libido: The energy or drive within the id
  • Thanatos: The death instinct
• Ego


  • Executive or manager of our minds
  • Mediate conflict between the id and the superego
  • Secondary Process: Thinking styles that are characterized by logic and reason
• Superego


  • Conscience; Instilled in us by our parents and our culture
  • Intrapsychic Conflicts: All conflicts within the mind due to the opposing demands of id and superego
• Defense Mechanisms


  • Denial
  • Displacement
  • Projection
  • Rationalization
  • Reaction Formation
  • Repression
  • Sublimation
• Oral Stage


  • Characterized by a central focus on the need for food
  • Principal Source of Pleasure: The lips, tongue, and mouth (act of sucking)
  • Fixation: Excessive thumb sucking and emphasis on oral stimulation through eating, chewing pencils, or biting fingernails
  • Adult Personality Characteristics: Dependency and passivity
• Phallic Stage


  • Characterized by early genital self-stimulation
  • Oedipus Complex: The battle of the lustful impulses on the one hand and castration anxiety on the other creates a conflict that is internal, or intrapsychic
  • Electra Complex: The young girl as wanting to replace her mother and possess her father
  • Penis Envy: The girl's desire for a penis, so as to be more like her father and brothers
• Anna Freud (1895–1982)


  • Ego Psychology
  • The individual slowly accumulates adaptational capacities, skill in reality testing, and defenses
  • Abnormal behavior develops when the ego is deficient in regulating such functions as delaying and controlling impulses or in marshaling appropriate normal defenses to strong internal conflicts
• Heinz Kohut (1913–1981)


  • Self-Psychology
  • The formation of self-concept and the crucial attributes of the self that allow an individual to progress toward health
• Object Relations


  • The study of how children incorporate the images, the memories, and the values of a person who was important to them and to whom they were emotionally attached
  • Object: Important people
  • Introjection: The process of incorporation