during ww2

• the Germans began a policy of ghettoisation meaning...


  they separated parts of some cities where Jews were forced to move from April 1939

  
• Conditions do Ghettos


  -Food was restricted and starvation was common

  - Crowded and diseases (like typhus) spread rapids

  -Surrounded by tall walls, barbed wire and Broken glass
• Between January 1941 and July 1942 an average of almost.......

  4,000 Jews died each month from disease and starvation
• Genocide


  Deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group
• Over ______ Jews were transported to camp in Eastern Poland

  250,000
• When did Germany invade Russia?


  June 1941
• What was the effect of the Germans conquered west Russia?


  Thousands more Jews came under Nazi control

  Special units followed by the German army, had orders to put Jews to death
• Einsatzgruppen


  SS death squads - ordered to kill jews
• Methods of Death Squads

  - Rounded up Jewish people, communist party leaders and gypsies

  - Confiscated any valuables they owned

  - Forced to remove their clothing

  - Had to march to fields on the outskirts of towns

  - Then they would be shot or gassed

  - Bodies thrown in mass graves
• How many poeple did death squads kill in Soviet Union?

  1.2 million by 1943
• When was the Wansee meeting?

  January 1942
• What was the Wannsee meeting?


  where the details of the Final solution were worked out
• Final solution


  policy whereby concentration camps built in eastern Poland and jews sent to carry forced labour

  
  

  all Jews under Nazi control would be exterminated in death camps
• Holocaust


  destruction or slaughter on a large scale
• How many people died in the Holocaust?

  6 million Jews

  5 million non-Jews (gypsies, homosexuals, priests, disability)
• Conditions in camps


  - divided into fit and weak group

  - Fit were put to work until too weak to perform them

  - Some weak forced in medical trials and killed

  - Mass murder by poison gas

  - Shower up to 2,000 people

  - Useful 'by-products' (gold teeth, glasses) removed and Bodies burnt in ovens
• How did the Nazi keep the holocaust a secret?

  - Propaganda films were made to show the camps were no longer labour camps -with good conditions

  -So Germans didn't react negatively

  - Destroyed records
• over time jews realise what was happening in April 1943 there was ....

  -Uprising in April 1943 against transport action in camps
• When was Poland Conquered?


  September 1939
• When was Denmark and Norway conquered?

  April 1940
• When was French, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg?

  May 1940
• When was Yugoslavia and Greece conquered?

  April 1941
• Evacuation in Germany


  Evacuate children from major cities

  As allied bombing more common 1942- mass evacuation to rural area

  2.5 million German children evacuated (part of KLV programme)

  Placed in 9,000 camps supervised by Hitler Youth leaders and teacher
• Rationing in Germany


  food + soap and from November clothing

  - Given food stamps

  - Theft of stamps illegal meant leader camp service

  -shortages of coal and shows in 1939-1941

  - goods shipped back from occupied countries

  - May 1942 : rations cut , bread 1/2 loaf per day 40g meat per day

  - Black market flourished -big price

  - End of war 3 million Germans in east fled west from Soviet army but cities bomb so series food shortage so starvation last few months
• when did the rationing in germany begin

  august 1939
• Total war'


  all aspects of life needed sacrifice to give way to war production
• War work in Germany

  -1941: Russian prisoners used as slave labour

  
  

  By 1944: 7 million prisoners working for German industry

  
  

  - Jan 1943: all men aged 16-45 female 17-45 has to register as available for work. small businesses which were not essential to war closed and employees taken to army

  
  

  Aug 1944: ban on holidays and working week increased to 60 hours

  
  

  By 1943: labour shortages so bad Hitler has to let women war work

  
  

  Sports teams and entertainment places shut down

  
  

  Home Guard formed to protect Germany form any invasion
• When was Operation Barbarossa?

  June 1941
• What was Operation Barbarossa?

  German invasion of the Soviet UnionTemperatures dropped readily and German army suffered as they were not prepared- Soviet usedscorched earth policy- 2 million German soldiers died
• Allied bombing on Germany

  - From Aug 1940 allies bombed cities

  
  

  - From 1942 : British and American bombed civilian area to destroy moral

  
  

  - March and July 1943 , 43 cities bombed

  
  

  - Raids on Hamburg in summer 1943 killed 42,600 Germans and forced 1 million other fled city

  
  

  -From 1944 Allies hit strategic targets such as railway line , bridges, motorways

  
  

  - Allied raids in Ruhr in 1944 reduced metal production by 40%

  
  

  - Affected transport of war goods

  
  

  - 1945 allied found several hundred tanks at railway yard in Munich because due to destruction of railway lines germany couldn't send tanks
• how many people died as a result of allied bombing

  600,000
• Changing role of women

  In June 1941 Goering ordered women any women who worked previously without no children should work

  
  

  - Total war rule introduced and by mid 1943 half a million extra women working in industry

  
  

  - women played a role as assistants in the armed forces where they operated searchlights

  
  

  - Psychological impact - many lives in Constant fear husband or son dead while raising family

  
  

  - In air raids, many women killed, left homeless, or had to move

  
  

  - Soviet soldiers raped thousand on women in berlin

  
  

  - 10,000 died from the rape attacks or committed suicide to avoid being attacked
• - By end of war ...% of Germany's labour force was women

  60
• The White Rose Group

  peaceful opposition group which criticised treatment of jews in Slavs and campaigned against the continuation of the war
• Hans and Sophie Scholl who were they? and when weed they executed


  members of the White Rose group executed in 1943.
• What did the White Rose Group do?

  Influenced by Catholic ideologies, they created pamphlets

  and anti-Nazi slogans

  Painted anti- Nazi messages on buildings
• Hitler Opposition


  - Communist party (has underground union, but not major threat )

  - Church ( number of priests executed for speaking out)
• What was the Kreisau Circle?


  peaceful opposition group made up of SPD, lawyers, churchmen and aristocrats, only had 3 meetings
• Who were the "swing youth"?

  Middle class Germans who listens to American swing music
• The Eidelweiss Pirates


  - rebellious youth group started movement in Rhineland in 1937

  - Objected conscription

  - mainly working class and anti establishment

  - found ways to criticise nazi culture ( dress and musical taste didn't follow nazi fashion)

  - Produced anti-war graffiti