PURPOSSIVE 1-3

• Language - as the tool used in communication process. Through this, we are able to express our share our feelings,
• Language is dynamic and it evolves through time.
• Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group cooperates (Bloch & Trager, 1942 ).
• Language is a set of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements ( Chomsky, 1957).
• Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by mean of a system of voluntarily produced symbols (Sapir, 1921 ).
• Language is the process whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols (Hall, 1969).
• Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication (Wardaugh, 1972).
• Language is a symbol system based on purely arbitrary conventions, infinitely extendable and modifiable according to the changing needs and conditions of the speakers (Robins, 1985).
• Different Elements of the Communication Process

  Sender - is the source of the message Receiver - is the recipient of the message

  Message - the body of information

  Channel - what connects the sender to receiver

  Feedback - response of the receiver to the sender Noise - what impacts the communication process
• Types of Interference

  1. Physiological Noise

  B. External noise

  C. Semantic Language barrier
• Situation/Context - refers to all the interrelated conditions in the communication process.
• Psychological Factors

  • refers to the communication mood
• Cultural Factors

  • refers to values and norms shared by group
• Physical Factors

  • refers to place, time and environmental
• Social Factors

  • refers to the nature of relationships between the communicators.
• Histórical Factors

  • refers to previous communication incidents between communications that may effect the way they deal.
• Communication is the exchange of ideas, thoughts and information from one source to another.
• Verbal Communication- The sharing of information, ideas, thoughts, and feelings between individuals using speech or spoken communication is verbal communication.
• Angel (2016), there are four types of conversations based on direction (one-way or two-way) and tone (competitive or cooperative).
• Diatribe Competitive

  One-way conversation

  -Goal is to express emotions, browbeat those that disagree with you, and/or inspire those that share the same perspective.
• Dialogue Cooperative

  Two-way conversation

  The goal is for participants trying to exchange information and build relationships with one another.
• Debate Competitive

  Competitive

  Two-way conversation

  -Goal is to win an argument or convince someone.
• Discourse Cooperative

  Cooperative

  One-way conversation

  -Goal is to deliver information from the speaker to the listeners.
• According to Swedish economist Ljungqvist (2008), effective verbal communication is almost always more about listening because there is always an audience.
• Non-verbal- It refers to the transmission of a message without the use of words. Instead, the message is conveyed through gestures, body language, posture, facial expressions, eye contact, touch, and tone of voice.
• The study of Mehrabian (1981) showed that only 7% of a receiver's comprehension of a message is based on the sender's actual words, 38% is based on the paralanguage (tone, face, and volume of speech) and 55% is based on nonverbal cues (body language).
• Appearance- This may refer to one's grooming, fashion style, neatness and use of cosmetics which may communicate one's personality.
• Symbols- This may include religions, status, or ego-building symbols.
• Aesthetic Communication- This includes creative expressions like dancing, painting, and the like which may say something about one's talent or artistry.
• Written Communication- It refers to the type of communication that uses the written language. It includes the traditional pen and paper letters and documents, electronic documents, e-mail, SMS or text messages, memos, written reports, and everything else transmitted through the written language.
• Written communication can also be collaborative in the sense that multiple people can contribute to the content of one document before that document is sent to the intended reader.
• Clarity is one very important factor in this communication.
• Technical words are useful for people who belong to the same field. Select words with the right strength and vigor
• Concrete language is exact, clear and communicates better. On the other hand, abstract language

  may be interpreted in different ways because it is subjective.
• Intrapersonal communication- Mclean (2005) defines intrapersonal communication as communicating with oneself,
• Interpersonal communication- It refers to the exchange of ideas, information, feelings, and attitudes between two or more people.
• Public communication- Refers to the delivery of a message to a particular group of people, as when a political candidate delivers a political campaign speech to the listeners.
• Visual communication- Refers to the transmission of information and ideas using symbols and images.
• Mass communication- It is a process in which a person, group of people or an organization sends a message through television, radio, print media,
• Computer-Mediated Communication- It is often referred to as CMC. CMC is "the use of an application computer to control multimedia interactive and message-based communication" (Walters, 1995).