Research Paper

• After doing all the procedures in data gathering and analyzing the collected data, a RESEARCH PAPER must be written.
• A research paper is composed of 5 chapters namely (1) INTRODUCTION, (2) REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE, (3) METHODOLOGY, (4) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION, (5) SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, and RECOMMENDATIONS
• INTRODUCTION is the first part of the research paper or considered as the CHAPTER 1
• The INTRODUCTION consists of the following parts

  1. Background of the Study
  2. Statement of the Problem
  3. Hypotheses
  4. Theoretical and conceptual framework
  5. Significance of the Study
  6. Scope and limitations of the study
  7. Definition of Terms
• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY gives the readers important information about the study being conducted.
• Features of the Background of the Study

  1. It cites the reason why the researcher chooses to study a particular topic
  2. It describes the setting or place where the research will take place.
  3. It presents bases that may support or negate the claims of the researcher.
  4. It gives justification for the need for the research study.
• The background of the study provides a brief explanation on how the study was conceived, how will it be conducted and the possible contribution it may give to the society
• The STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM, also called the heart of a research study, is where the general and specific problems or objectives are presented.
• The introductory statement in the section of the Statement of the Problem is usually the general problem or goal based from the research title.
• The general problem or goal is followed by specific problems or objectives that will be thoroughly studied in the course of the research.
• specific questions are stated in interrogative form
• research objectives are stated in declarative form
• specific problems need to be answered by statements of the problem
• research objectives may not be followed by a hypothesis
• TYPES OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS (based on their purpose)

  1. Factor-isolating questions
  2. Factor-relating questions
  3. Situation-relating questions
  4. Situation-producing questions
• The purpose of these questions is to categorise or name factors and situations

  Factor-isolating questions
• These questions aim to establish relationships between the factors that have been identified

  Factor-relating questions
• These questions aim to see the changes that might happen to one variable when the other variable changes.

  Situation-relating questions
• These questions usually need experimentation in order to get results

  Situation-relating questions
• These questions lead to promote explicit course of action or conditions under which the goal could be accomplished

  Situation-producing questions
• these questions are commonly used in action research

  Situation-producing questions
• Hypothesis is defined as a temporary or tentative answer to a research problem.
• It serves as a guide as to what processes are needed in answering the research questions and what research design is to be undertaken in the study.

  Hypotheses
• In qualitative research, hypotheses may not be needed or may emerge as the study progresses, depending on the purpose of the study
• TYPES OF HYPOTHESES:

  1. Scientific hypothesis
  2. Statistical hypothesis
• Scientific hypothesis provides an answer to a research question based on the review of related literature
• This type of hypothesis is written in the research write-up, may it be quantitative or qualitative research

  Scientific hypothesis
• Statistical hypothesis presents the standard hypothesis for the statistical procedure to be employed in the study
• TYPES OF STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS:

  1. Null hypothesis
  2. Alternative hypothesis
• Null hypothesis suggests a negative relation between variables
• It negates the existence of a characteristic or difference in the effect of the variable


  Null hypothesis
• Alternative hypothesis suggests a positive relation between variables
• It affirms the existence of a characteristic or a difference in the effect of the variables

  Alternative hypothesis
• Framework is described as the abstract, logical structure of meaning that guides the development of the study
• All frameworks are based on the identification of and relationships among key concepts
• The theoretical and conceptual framework discusses the different principles where the study is anchored on
• A theoretical framework is adopted when a particular theory is enough to provide theoretical basis for the conduct of the study
• A conceptual framework is used when the concepts from different theories are borrowed to provide bases for an investigation, because one theory does not cover all the concerns of the study
• The researcher also need to include a graphical representation of these concepts, the RESEARCH PARADIGM, which will encapsulate the entire research idea
• The SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY explains how he study will be beneficial to the different stakeholders of the society.