anthropometry

• Nutritional anthropometry


  Measurements of the variations of the physical dimensions and the gross composition of the human body at different age levels and degrees of nutrition.
• physical dimensions and gross composition


  Anthropometric methods involve measurements of the p_____ d_____ and g______ c______
• True


  Measurements vary with age (and sometimes with sex and race) and degree of nutrition. True or false?
• Anthropometric measurements


  are widely used for the assessment of nutritional status and health, at both the individual and population levels.
• True


  True or false: Anthropometry is used in both clinical and public health settings.
• True


  Simple, safe, noninvasive techniques are involved, which can be used at the bedside of a single patient but are also applicable to large sample sizes. True or false.
• True


  Inexpensive equipment is required. It is portable, and durable and can be made or purchased locally. True or false.
• True


  Relatively unskilled personnel can perform the measurement procedures if adequately trained. True or false.
• True


  Methods can be precise and accurate, if standardized techniques and trained personnel are used. True or false.
• Retrospective information 


  is generated on past long-term nutritional history, which cannot be obtained with equal confidence using other techniques.
• True


  Mild to moderate undernutrition, as well as severe states of under- or overnutrition, can be identified. True or false.
• secular trend


  Changes in nutritional status over time and from one generation to the next, a phenomenon known as the ______, can be evaluated.
• Screening


  tests that identify individuals at high risk to under- or overnutrition can be devised.
• True


  Anthropometric measures are relatively insensitive to detect changes in nutritional status over short periods of time. True or false.
• True


  Nutritional anthropometry cannot identify any specific nutrient defi ciency. True or false.
• true


  anthropometry is unable to distinguish disturbances in growth and body composition induced by nutrient deficiencies (e.g., zinc) from those caused by imbalances in protein and energy intake. true or false.
• true


  Certain non-nutritional factors (such as disease, genetic influences, diurnal variation, and reduced energy expenditure) can lower the specificity and sensitivity of anthropometric measurements, although such effects generally can be excluded or taken into account by appro priate sampling and experimental design. true or false.
• body size and body composition


  Two types of anthropometric measurements
• stature, weight, and head circumference


  Most widely used measurements of body size are
• fat mass and fat free mass


  based on the classical “two component model”
• fat mass


  a skinfold thickness measurements are used to estimate of the size of the subcutaneous fat deposit, which, in turn provides an estimate of total body fat.
• fat distribution


  a measurement of waist circumference which is used to estimate the distribution of body fat, with the measurement of waist circumference used increasingly as a proxy for the amount of intra-abdominal visceral fat.
• waist circumference


  is recommended for use in population studies as well as in clinical practice for the evaluation and management of patients with overweight or obesity
• True


  For individuals in low-income countries, anthropometry is useful when there is a chronic imbalance between intakes of energy, protein, and certain micronutrients. T or F?
• true


  anthropometry can be used to diagnose failure to thrive in infants and young children. true or false.
• true


  anthropometry can be used to monitor changes in both growth and body composition in individuals (e.g., hospital patients) and in population group. true or false.
• targeting interventions 


  At the population level, Anthropometry has an important role in 1) _____ _____ through screening, 2) in assessing the response to interventions, 3) in identifying the determinants and 4) consequences of malnutrition, and in conducting nutritional surveillance.
• assessing


  At the population level, Anthropometry has an important role in 1) targeting interventions through screening, 2) in _____ the response to interventions, 3) in identifying the determinants and 4) consequences of malnutrition, and in conducting nutritional surveillance.
• identifying


  At the population level, Anthropometry has an important role in 1) targeting interventions through screening, 2) in assessing the response to interventions, 3) in ______ the determinants and 4) consequences of malnutrition, and in conducting nutritional surveillance.
• consequences of malnutrition


  At the population level, Anthropometry has an important role in 1) targeting interventions through screening, 2) in assessing the response to interventions, 3) in identifying the determinants and 4) _______ __ ______, and in conducting nutritional surveillance.
• mid upper arm circumference


  A screening tool based on a single mea sure ment
• < 115mm


  associated cutoff for muac
• severe acute malnutrition


  A screening tool based on a single mea sure ment (i.e., MUAC) and associated cutoff (i.e., < 115mm) is often used to identify _______
• 6 to 60 


  A screening tool based on a single measurement (i.e., MUAC) and associated cutoff (i.e., < 115mm) is often used to identify severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in children in how many months.
• false


  This MUAC cutoff was chosen because children with a MUAC < 115mm were observed to have a lowly elevated risk of death compared to those with a MUAC > 115mm. True or false.
• standard equipment


  Requirements for nutritional anthropometry (1)
• accuracy or consistency


  Requirements for nutritional anthropometry (2)
• appropriate techniques


  Requirements for nutritional anthropometry (3)
• correct assessment of age


  Requirements for nutritional anthropometry (4)
• reference values


  used for comparison and computation of indices