EAPP

• Paraphrasing


  Using your own words to express somebody else's ideas while keeping the ideas and meaning of the original source
• Paraphrasing


  • Requires a detailed understanding of the source
  • Aims to capture more details than a simple summary
  • Every time you paraphrase, it's important that you cite the source
• Summarizing


  • Reduces a text to its main idea and necessary information
  • Reduces text to 1/4 or 1/3 of its original size
  • Involves stating a work's thesis and main ideas simply, briefly, and accurately
  • Talks about key ideas only
  • Gives a concise overview of a text's main points in your own words
• Basic rules for summarizing

  1. Erase things that don't matter

  2. Write down only important points

  3. Erase items that repeat

  4. Change general terms into specific terms

  5. Use your own words to write your summary
• What you need in a summary

  • Accuracy - Did you report the author's ideas accurately?
  • Emphasis - Did you include all the main ideas or key points?
  • Readability - Did you write it in an easy-to-understand paragraph form?
  • Your own words - Did you mostly used your words and put all of the author's words in quotation marks?
• What to avoid when writing a summary

  • Repetition of similar ideas
  • Minor details - examples, anecdotes, descriptions, statistics, dialogue
  • Direct quotes (unless there is no other way to give the information)
  • Digression from the main points
  • Your own personal opinion
• Choosing a good topic may not be easy
• Choosing a topic

  An ongoing process by which researchers explore, define, and refine their ideas
• Pre-writing

  1. Brainstorming

  2. Listing

  3. Freewriting

  4. Clustering
• Brainstorming


  Spontaneous contribution of ideas and thoughts
• Listing


  Start listing down general topics and move down to specific concepts
• Freewriting

  Write thoughts quickly and spontaneously without worrying about grammar, form, and style
• Clustering


  Mind mapping or idea mapping; explore the relationship of ideas
• Planning


  Build a logical outline
• Outline

  A skeleton of a finished piece of writing that maps the topics you'll cover and where each paragraph fits into the piece
• Rough draft


  The goal is to get words on the page, not make the writing perfect
• Revising


  Rewriting or rearranging sentences and making changes and improvements in the manuscript
• Content editing


  Reviews content for flow and ease in understanding
• Line editing

  Editing line by line, tightening up of sentence structure so the language is sharp and clear
• Copy editing


  Tidying or cleaning up the copy for conciseness and polishing so the information is delivered to the readers clearly
• Proofreading


  A last look over to catch any spelling mistakes, grammar errors, typos, formatting errors, or incorrect structure or syntax
• Syntax


  Arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language
• Publishing


  Submission and sharing one's work to others with attention given to the form and style of the text
• Tone


  Writer's attitude towards the reader and the subject of the message
• How to choose a topic

  • Choose a topic you are interested in
  • Narrow your topic to something manageable
  • If your topic is too broad, you will find too much information and not be able to focus
  • Background reading can help you choose and limit the scope of your topic
• Narrowing a topic


  Process of working from the outside in - start with all the possible topics and narrow down until you're able to focus on your interest
• Broad topic


  A topic that has too many different ideas or resources
• Narrowed topic


  A topic that is specific and focused in scope
• Main idea


  A complete sentence that includes the topic and what the author wants to say about it
• Topic sentence


  The author states the main idea in their paragraph
• Paraphrasing 


  An alternative to quoting where you copy someone’s exact words and put them in quotation marks.
• Thesis statement


  The main idea of an essay. It consists of the topic of the essay and the writer's claim about the topic that will be proven throughout the essay. It usually appears at the end of the introductory paragraph, often as the last sentence, and lets the reader know what to expect.
• Thesis statement


  A sentence that states the topic and purpose of your paper. A good thesis statement will direct the structure of your essay and will allow your reader to understand the ideas you will discuss within your paper.
• Thesis statement


  One sentence that expresses the main idea of a research paper or essay, such as an expository essay or argumentative essay. It is the basic stand/stance that an author takes, the opinion that he expresses, and the major point that he wishes to make about his subject. It contains the controlling idea of the essay.
• Controlling idea in the thesis


  A word, phrase, or clause that states the opinion, attitude, or stand that the writer takes about the subject.
• Thesis statement


  A statement that is arguable, not factual. Generally the narrower the thesis the more effective your argument will be. Your thesis or claim must be supported by evidence. The broader your claim is, the more evidence you will need to convince readers that your position is right.
• Two major types of thesis statement

  • Explanatory and argumentative
• Explanatory thesis statement


  Announces the subject to the reader; it never declares a stance which needs an argument to defend.
• Argumentative thesis statement


  Should be a claim, not a factual statement or a personal response to a topic. It should be an idea that provokes opposition, a claim that readers might choose to refute.
• Explanatory thesis statement


  • The core components of a healthy lifestyle include a nutritious diet, regular exercise, and adequate sleep.