Thermal physics

• there is a lowest possible temperature (−273°C), known as absolute zero, where the particles have least kinetic energy
• the random motion of microscopic particles in a suspension is evidence for the kinetic particle model of matter
• Brownian motion is the random collisions between the microscopic particles in a suspension and the particles of the gas or liquid
• microscopic particles may be moved by collisions with light fast-moving molecules
• the pressure and the changes in pressure of a gas in terms of the forces exerted by particles colliding with surfaces, creating a force per unit area
• a rise in the temperature of an object increases its internal energy
• specific heat capacity is the energy required per unit mass per unit temperature increase
• evaporation causes cooling of a liquid
• thermal radiation is infrared radiation
• all objects emit thermal radiation
• there are many solids that conduct thermal energy better than thermal insulators
• thermal energy transfer by thermal radiation does not require a medium
• an object to be at a constant temperature it needs to transfer energy away from the object at the same rate that it receives energy
• an object if the rate at which it receives energy is less or more than the rate at which it transfers energy away from the object