Sociology

• Response


  Effected by internal (something from own experience and memories) and external (influenced by surroundings)
• Social influences


  • Direct
  • Indirect
• Direct social influence


  You get sushi with your family but you want a burger instead
• Indirect social influence


  You see an ad of a burger and you later wants a burger later on
• Social influences affect social behavior
• Socialization agents


  • Family (primary agent)
  • School, peer groups, workplace, religion, media (secondary agent)
• Types of socialization


  • Primary socialization (basic skills that you need to survive)
  • Secondary socialization (teaching you how to act in different context of life)
  • Anticipatory socialization
  • Resocialization (make an unacceptable behavior to acceptable)
• Abnormal socialization includes child abuse, feral children, and isolated children
• SPEN


  Sexual, physical, emotion, neglect
• Critical period


  Development issues where once children pass a certain age, they cannot learn certain things
• Age is one of the factors that affects critical period
• Schools of thought in sociology

  • Structural functionalism
  • Conflict theory
  • Feminist sociology
  • Symbolic interactionism
• Structural functionalism


  • To study how social structures function to serve the needs of society
  • States that a society is stable when a social institutions meet the needs of citizens
  • Sees the world from the positive perspective
• Conflict theory


  • To study how power forms the basis of the relationships between different groups and creates social conflict
  • Competition in between the people that are powerful and powerless
  • Imbalance between classes
• Harry Harlow's study showed that monkeys spend more time with the terry cloth mother, are dependent on the mother, and it went from being blanky to mutilating
• Enfants must socialize with their primary socialization
• Abandoned children who went to dogs were able to be comforted, as dogs don't runaway and have been with humans for centuries and decades
• Genie wore diapers, Danielle found on a dirty mattress with bugs, Genie was curious and knew words and vocabs but could not build sentences with proper grammar, and they went insane and curled up in a ball like a monkey
• Nature vs nurture


  • Nature (genes and hereditary, physical appearance, personality characteristics)
  • Nurture (Environmental variables)
• Genes like MAOA, biological epigenetic effects, and brain damage in the orbital cortex or temporal lobe can lead to too much serotonin and some timing event that lead to effects which lead into killing
• Birth order personality theory (Alfred Adler)

  • First born: Trial and error personality, perfectionist and parent pleaser, reliable, structure, controlling
  • Middle child: Less likely to treat that child a iron fist, less attention, people-please, rebellious, peace makers
  • Youngest child: Are not the most intelligent, social personality, free-spirited, take risks
  • Only child: Have all the attentions and support, live up to all the expectations, leadership skills, perfectionist, independent
• Types of bias

  • Conscious bias
  • Unconscious bias
• Conscious bias

  Bias that we are aware of, such as bias towards hiring men over women or bias towards social class
• Unconscious bias

  Social categorization, sorting people into groups, preferences that bypass our normal, rational, logical thinking
• Differences between prejudice, stereotypes, racism, explicit bias, implicit bias, and discrimination

  • Prejudice: A rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people
  • Stereotypes: Exaggerated and simplified descriptions that are applied to every person in a category (usually different from yourself)
  • Racism: Beliefs, thoughts, and action based on the idea that one race is innately superior to another race
  • Explicit Bias: The attitudes or beliefs we have about a group that we're consciously aware of
  • Implicit Bias: The unconscious biases that we have about other groups
  • Discrimination: Any unequal treatment of different groups of people
• Theories of prejudice and discrimination

  • Learned theory
  • Competition theory
  • Frustration Aggression theory
  • Ignorant theory
  • Ethnocentrism
• • Learned Theory – Learn from seeing the behaviours of others (recall Bandura’s Social Learning theory)
  • Family
  • Language (Fireman vs firefighter);

  Media (among many examples in Western media stands Apu Nahasapeemapetilon)
• Frustration-Aggression Theory - Frustration causes aggression; when frustrated, we tend to take it out on someone else.
• Ignorance Theory - We fear what we don’t know; if we do not understand something, we will be afraid of it.
• Competition Theory - Competitive nature of humans leads us to see those who compete with us negatively.
• Ethnocentrism - We judge all cultures according to our own culture.
• Ignorance Theory - Prejudices arise because we don’t know enough about those who are different than us.
• TYPES OF TEMPERAMENT

  Sensitive children-react intensely to their environment.

  
  

  Placid children-are easygoing and content.

  
  

  Aggressive children-respond to and interact with their environment more vigorously and are more wakeful as infants.