Usage of more overt surveillance . it manipulates people’s decision making process. CCTV, motion detection lighting, security guards and smart neighbourhood designs. Criminals use a ‘costbenefitanalysis’ to decide if the benefits outweigh the risk
Zero tolerance policing
Police cracking down on minor crimes. Due to small crimes acting as a deterrence from bigger crimes happening.
wilson and kellings study
Broken windowstheory
Broken windows theory
The broken windows theory states that any visible signs of crime and civil disorder, such as broken windows , vandalism, public drinking promotes even more crime and disorder.
two conclusions of Wilson and Kelling's study
crime can be explained and prevented using the features of a neighbourhood
crime can be reduced by policing strategies that involve a zero-tolerance approach to small scale crime
a result of Wilson and Kelling's study
people appeared to feel reassured when police helped them maintain order and this reduced the fear of crime.
describe another study in this area?
Zimbardo - abandoned two cars, one in a mostly poor area, one in a fairly nice neighbourhood. one was left untouched for almost a week. the other was scraped within 10 minutes. after a week, Zimbardo smashed one of the windows and the car was destroyed shortly after. he stated that ' once disorder begins, things can get out of control quickly'
methodological issues
reliable - Zimbardo's study is consistent throughout the two neighbourhood's
ethnocentric - Wilson and Kelling's study only takes place in Newark, new York. hard to replicate
ecological validity - watching police do their job
practical use - can be applied to neighbourhood's elsewhere to reduce levels of crime
issues/debates
reductionism - only looks at environmental factors
situational - only looks at factors in the environment
usefulness/ practical applications - can be applied to other neighbourhoods in preventing and deterring other crimes
reductionism
could link to crime prevention this is because each part only looks at how one thing can prevent further crime from being committed. for example surveillance focuses on only situational factors.
