4.4

• The U.S. government sought to gain more territory and establish a growing influence in the Western Hemisphere
• In 1814, the Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812 between the U.S. and Britain, but left many things unclear, especially regarding Canada
• John Quincy Adams negotiated a treaty with Britain


  1. Established the border between the U.S. and Canada along the 49th parallel

  2. Established joint U.S.-British occupation of the disputed Oregon Territory for 10 years
• The Florida Territory belonged to Spain, who was having difficulty governing it due to rebellions in their South American colonies
• Andrew Jackson was sent by President Monroe to Florida


  1. Protect the American border

  2. Push the interlopers (Seminole Indians, runaway slaves, white settlers) back to where they came from
• Jackson attacked two Spanish forts, executed two Seminole chiefs and two British citizens, which angered Britain and Spain
• As a result, Spain decided to sell the Florida Territory to the U.S., and John Quincy Adams negotiated the Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819 to make the sale official and define the border
• By 1822, several South American countries had gained independence from European colonial powers
• President Monroe quickly recognized their independence and established diplomatic relations with them
• Monroe Doctrine


  Declared that the lands and nations in the Western Hemisphere were the U.S.'s business, and that European militaries should not interfere
• The Monroe Doctrine officially challenged European authority in the Americas
• A significant motivating factor was trade - the U.S. established thriving trade relationships with Mexico and across the Pacific
• The increased demand for U.S. goods led to a revolution in manufacturing, known as the Market Revolution