IB GEO

• What is TFR?


  Total Fertility Rate- # of births per a thousand women of childbearing age.
• How does education affect the total fertility rate?

  The more highly educated women are means they will have less children.
• What is Infant Mortality?

  Unsuccessful pregnancies
• What is the Brandt Line?


  Visual representation of the " North-South divide"
• What is demographic dividend?

  # of adult in a population
• What happens to a demographic dividend?

  Fertility Rates decline, allowing faster economic growth. Decline in fertility follows a decline in infant/child mortality rate.
• What is life expectancy?

  the average of years a person is expected to live, usually from birth
• What is a population pyramid?

  visually shows how populations are composed by age and gender. 3 trends: expansive, constrictive, and stationary.
• What is dependancy ratio?


  sum of youth and old age dependency
• What is population density?


  high population density: there are good mineral resources (gold, diamonds, good farming potential, good trading ) ex: Durban, Cape Town low population density: found in arif areas also mountain areas.
• What is DTM?

  Demographic transition model suggests that death rates fall before birth rates, total population expands.
• What is HIC, MIC, LIC?

  HIC: high income country with over $12,735 in 2018 ( developed, more developed. MIC: Middle income country with $1,026 - 12,475. LIC: Low income country with less than $1,025
• What is GNI?

  Gross national income is the total domestic and foreign output claimed by residents of a country
• Refugee Vs. Asylum Seeker?

  refugees are forced to leave the country. asylum seekers is someone who has fled their country claiming international protection in another country.
• What is a migrant laborer?

  A person who moves to find employment.
• What is a megacity?

  Are cities with a population over 10 million people. They grow because of economic growth. Many people migrate to the city in search for jobs. Megacities develope a age structure dominated by young adults.
• What is a example of a megacity?

  Tokyo, Mumbai, Delhi, Mexico City
• How do megacities work?

  The city grows through migration and high birth rates associated with a younger population. As cities grow they swallow up rural areas and nearby towns and cities. They become multi nuclei cities.
• What is a informal economy?

  Jobs at small unregistered firms or wherever labor standards are not met.
• What is postive segregation?

  a ethnic group gains advantages by being located in one place: there are enough of them to support services.
• What is negative segregation?

  Where certain groups are excluded from particular areas. This might happen because of cost or " red lining," an illegal process where people and authorities prevent particular groups from locating in one area.
• What is Urbanization?

  Is a increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas. It can be caused by rural to urban migration, higher rates of natural increase in urban areas, for example urban sprawl.
• What is natural increase?

  Where the birth rate is higher than the death rate in a country or a place. Natural increase occurs often in cities because of its youthful age structure.
• What is a example of positive segregation?

  The majority of the South Korean population in London lives in New Malden, a suburb with good rail links to central London, and now has a number of Korean restaurants and supermarkets.
• What is a example of negative segregation?

  During the apartheid era in South Africa when blacks, whites, colored, and Indians, in theory had to live in their own designated areas.
• What is the Centrifugal Population Movement?

  The movements of people out from the centre of the urban area
• What is rural-urban migration?

  The movement of people away from the countyside to towns and cities. It occurs because people believe they will be better of in urban areas than in rural areas.
• What's one push factor?

  Push factors are negative features that causes a person to move away from a place. For example, unemployment, low wages, natural hazards.
• What is one pull factor?

  Pull factors are the attractions whether real or imagined that exists in anothe place. For example, better wages, more jobs, better schools
• What was critical to allow for growth of suburbs in the 20th century?

  Transportation like railways, electric tramways, and buses were critical for the growth of middle class residential suburbs. Town extensions were a form of suburban developement folling the lines of trams and trains.
• What else contributed the growth of suburbs in the 20th century?

  The price of farmland declined which resulted in urban expansion on a great scale.
• What is counter urbanization?

  Counter urbanization is a process involved in the movement of population away from larger urban areas to smaller urban areas, new towns, new estates, commuter towns or villages on the edge or beyond city limits.
• WHat were the motivations and reasons for counter urbanization?

  People may wish to leave large urban areas to move to towns and villages in rural areas. The following reasons include: high land prices, congestion, pollution, high crime rates, lack of community, declining services.
• What is urban sprawl?

  The uncontrolled growth of urban areas at their edges, suggests urban areas grow in an unchecked fashion.
• What is a greenbelt and how can it slow down suburbanization?

  Green belts prevent urban sprawl because there are limits on how far a urban area can grow. Many of the world's largest cities such as Tokyo, Seoul, and Mexico City have been characterized by urban sprawl.
• What are slums?

  zones of deprivation, poverty, and exclusion. Living conditions are not met. Results in poor quality of life.
• What is NIMBYISM?

  NIMBYISM stands for "Not In My Backyard" and refers to opposition to the development of certain projects or facilities in one's local area.
• What is the Urban Island Heat Effect?

  Occurs when cities replace natural land cover with dense concentration of pavement, buildings, and other surfaces that absorb and retain heat.
• What are two factors that affect the climate of urban areas?

  Structure of air above the area - more dust means a greater concentration of hygroscopic particles, less water vapor, but more C02 and harmful fumes from combustion of fuel and discharge of waste gases. The structure of the surface- more heat retaining materials means low albedo and absorbs heat faster.
• Why do Urban Heat island effects occur?

  the heat island effect is caused by numerous factors like heat porduced by human activity, changes of energy balance ( buildings with high thermal capacity will retain more heat), reduced number of open water bodies ( mean less evaporation and fewer plants, therefore less transpiration)