Motivation

• Motivation is factors that influence the way an individual behaves.
• The four theorists are:

  • Taylor
  • Mayo
  • Maslow
  • Herzberg
• Taylor's theory is Scientific Management.
• Mayo's theory is Human Relations Management
• Maslow's theory is Hierarchy of Needs.
• Herzberg's theory is the Two Factor Theory
• Benefits of motivated staff:

  1. Lower absenteeism.
  2. Higher labour productivity.
  3. Better workplace relations.
• Scientific Management was about:

  • Tasks should be broken down into more simpler tasks.
  • Employees should be trained on how to di things most efficiently.
  • There should be supervision of the workers and output produced.
  • Workers should follow strict rules.
• Two Factor Theory was about:

  • factors affecting satisfaction.
  • Motivator Factors create employee satisfaction, increasing productivity.
  • Hygiene Factors create employee dissatisfaction, decreasing productivity.
  • Also introduced the notion of wanting to and having to (Motivation/movement).
• Hierarchy of Needs was about:

  • lower levels of hierarchy needs to be met first.
  • hierarchy is split into physical and emotional needs.
  • hierarchy is split into 5 levels.
• The hierarchy of needs is:

  1. Self actualisation
  2. Esteem needs
  3. social needs
  4. security needs
  5. basic needs
• Physical needs in the hierarchy are:

  • Basic Needs
  • Security Needs
• Emotional needs in the hierarchy are:

  • social needs
  • esteem needs
  • self actualisation
• Human Relations Management theory was about:

  • Hawthorn effect
  • Teamwork being a vital social motivator that increases productivity.
  • Being communicated to increased productivity as workers feel valued.
• The hawthorn effect is when people change the way they act.
• Financial Incentives are:

  • Piecework
  • Commission
  • Bonus
  • Profit Share
  • PRP
• Piecework is employees paid a set amount for each item of work completed.
• Commission is a form of payment that rewards the employee by giving them a percentage of their sales as a financial reward.
• Bonus is payment of discretionary lump sum to an employee, based on predetermined criteria.
• Profit Share is a financial incentive when a proportion of employee's pay varies with the profits of the business.
• PRP is part of an employee's salary linked to their performance in the job.
• Advantages of Piecework:

  1. incentive to complete more work and may do more hours to get the job done.
  2. Experience/efficient workers can earn more.
• Disadvantages of Piecework:

  1. Quality may suffer as workers may cut corners while speeding up.
  2. Slower workers may fall under the national minimum wage.
• Advantages of Commission:

  1. Motivates employees to sell more.
  2. Employee isn't paid for the time they work, only what they sell.
• Disadvantages of Commission:

  1. salespeople could earn no money at all.
  2. Not a steady income.
• Advantages of a bonus:

  1. used as an incentive to increase productivity when needing to meet goals.
  2. used as an appreciation for workers who work hard for a specific amount of time.
• Disadvantages of a Bonus:

  1. Employees will be taxed on the bonus they recieve.
  2. Cash bonus can be expensive so business may give out gift cards instead.
• Advantages of Profit Share:

  • brings employees together to work towards common goals, increasing productivity.
  • Increases commitment to organisation.
• Disadvantages of Profit Share:

  • salaries of the individuals go up equally, losing motivation as workers feel less valued.
  • employee focus may be on the profit rather than quality of customer service.
• Advantages of PRP:

  • A direct link between the performance of an employee and how much they're paid.
  • easy for business to rank their staff when looking who to promote.
• Disadvantages of PRP:

  1. causes jealousy and unrest.
  2. those that don't meet target blame line management and become demotivated.
• Non financial incentives are:

  • Delegation
  • Consultation
  • Empowerment
  • Team working
  • Flexible working
  • Job enrichment
  • Job enlargement
  • Job rotation
• Delegation is the passing of authority down the hierarchy.
• Consultation is the process of discussing issues with employees before making decisions.
• Empowerment is delegation of responsibility to employees, allowing them to use their abilities to have a greater say in decision making.
• Team-working is where employees are organised into groups and work together in order to meet set objectives.
• Flexible working is allowing employees to vary their working hours to suit them and fit with other commitments.
• Job Enrichment is an increase in the level of responsibility that an employee has in order to increase motivation.
• Job enlargement is the process of increasing the number of responsibilities that an employee has.
• Job Rotation is is when an employee carries out a number of different tasks and moves between the tasks they're responsible for.