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chemistry paper 1
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Cards (57)
what is an endothermic reaction
a reaction that takes in
thermal energy
from
surroundings
3 examples of an
exothermic
reaction
combustion
neutralisation
oxidation
atomic number facts
atomic number is always the
small
number
shows how many
protons
are in the nucleus of the
element
number of
electrons
in an atom is equal to the number of
protons
in the nucleus of atom
mass number facts
total amount of
protons
and
neutrons
in the nucleus of an atom
allows us to tell the difference between elements with a different number of neutrons called
isotopes
relative atomic mass facts
mean
mass
of an atom relative to
1/12th
the mass of an atom of carbon 12
mass is
conserved
in chemical reactions
used to find relative
formula mass
of a compound
what is an
isotope
different forms of the same element that have the same number of
protons
but a different number of
neutrons
different isotopes have different
masses
what is an activation energy
minimum amount of
energy
the reactant particles require in order to
collide
with others and react
2 examples of an endothermic reaction
citric acid
+
sodium hydrogen carbonate
thermal decomposition
what is an exothermic reaction
a reaction that
releases thermal energy
to surroundings
what is a covalent bond
a bond between
2
non
metals
what is an
ionic bond
a bond between a
metal
and a
non metal
what is a solvent?
the thing that does the
dissolving
must be a
liquid
e.g.
water
what is a
solute
?
a
solute
is the thing that is
dissolved
e.g.
solid
what is metallic bonding?
metals can conduct
electricity
-
delocalised
electrons can flow
metals are
malleable
layers
can slide on each other
how does a reaction occur
for a
reaction
to occur, particles need to
collide
with enough energy (activation energy)
'' the greater the frequency of successful
collisions
, the faster the rate of
reaction''
factors affecting rate of reaction
temperature
concentration
catalyst
pressure
surface area
why does temperature affect rate of reaction
as
temperature
increases, the kinetic energy of particles
increases
so frequency
of
successful collisions increases
why does concentration affect the rate of reaction
the
higher the concentration,
the
higher the reacting particles
so
frequency of successful collisions increases
why does the catalyst affect the rate of reaction
provides an
alternative
reaction pathway with a
lower activation energy
so frequency of successful collisions increases
why does pressure affect the rate of reaction
particles are
closer
together so frequency of successful collisions
increases
why does the surface area affect the rate of reaction
increase
of surface area means
more
particles are able to react so frequency of successful collisions increases
what is the cation
positive
ions formed by
losing
electrons - metals
what
is an anion
negative ions formed by
gaining
electrons -
non metal
what is electrolysis
use of
electricity
to break down
substances
what is an electrolyte
an
ionic
compound that conducts
electricity
when molten or dissolved
what
is the anode in electrolysis
anode is the
positive
ion that
loses
electrons
atoms
/
molecules
form
what
is the cathode in electrolysis
cathode is the
negative
ion that gains electrons -
reduction
occurs
atoms
/
molecules
form
what does PANIC stand for
Positive
Anode
Negative
Is
Cathode
what does oilrig stand for
Oxidation
Is
Lost
Reduction
Is
Gain
forms
of metal extraction
metal found in
native
state/
unreactive
metals e.g. gold/silver
heating
with carbon -
displacement
reaction - metals less reactive than carbon e.g. iron and zinc
electrolysis
- metals
more
reactive than carbon e.g. aluminium, magnesium, calcium
what is an element
a substance containing only
one
type of
atom
what is a compound
a substance containing
two
or more different types of atoms
CHEMICALLY BONDED
what did jj Thompson CREATE?
he created the
plum pudding
diagram
what is the
Mendeleev
theory
he realised the
periodic table
made more sense to
swap
/ reverse the order of some elements
his table had some
gaps
in, which he predicted would be for elements not yet
discovered
electron shells have a maximum of
2
in the first shell, 8 in the second and third shell and
2
in the fourth shell - 2.8.8.2
group 1
group 1 are
alkali metals
(they react with water to produce an
alkali
)
they get more reactive as you go down because the
outer shell
is further from the nucleus so it is
donated
more regularly
group 7
group 7 are
halogens
(they accept 1 electron to gain a
full
outer shell)
they get less reactive down the group (boiling point increases)
group 0/
8
(last group on the right hand side)
they are
noble gases
- they are very unreactive as they have an empty/ full outer
shell
what is metallic bonding
how
metal
atoms
bond
to each other
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