chemistry paper 1

    Cards (57)

    • what is an endothermic reaction
      • a reaction that takes in thermal energy from surroundings
    • 3 examples of an exothermic reaction
      • combustion
      • neutralisation
      • oxidation
    • atomic number facts
      • atomic number is always the small number
      • shows how many protons are in the nucleus of the element
      • number of electrons in an atom is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of atom
    • mass number facts
      • total amount of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
      • allows us to tell the difference between elements with a different number of neutrons called isotopes
    • relative atomic mass facts
      • mean mass of an atom relative to 1/12th the mass of an atom of carbon 12
      • mass is conserved in chemical reactions
      • used to find relative formula mass of a compound
    • what is an isotope
      • different forms of the same element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
      • different isotopes have different masses
    • what is an activation energy
      • minimum amount of energy the reactant particles require in order to collide with others and react
    • 2 examples of an endothermic reaction
      • citric acid + sodium hydrogen carbonate
      • thermal decomposition
    • what is an exothermic reaction
      • a reaction that releases thermal energy to surroundings
    • what is a covalent bond
      • a bond between 2 non metals
    • what is an ionic bond
      • a bond between a metal and a non metal
    • what is a solvent?
      • the thing that does the dissolving
      • must be a liquid e.g. water
    • what is a solute?
      • a solute is the thing that is dissolved
      • e.g. solid
    • what is metallic bonding?
      • metals can conduct electricity - delocalised electrons can flow
      • metals are malleable
      • layers can slide on each other
    • how does a reaction occur
      • for a reaction to occur, particles need to collide with enough energy (activation energy)
    • '' the greater the frequency of successful collisions, the faster the rate of reaction''
    • factors affecting rate of reaction
      • temperature
      • concentration
      • catalyst
      • pressure
      • surface area
    • why does temperature affect rate of reaction
      • as temperature increases, the kinetic energy of particles increases so frequency of successful collisions increases
    • why does concentration affect the rate of reaction
      • the higher the concentration, the higher the reacting particles so frequency of successful collisions increases
    • why does the catalyst affect the rate of reaction
      • provides an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy so frequency of successful collisions increases
    • why does pressure affect the rate of reaction
      • particles are closer together so frequency of successful collisions increases
    • why does the surface area affect the rate of reaction
      • increase of surface area means more particles are able to react so frequency of successful collisions increases
    • what is the cation
      • positive ions formed by losing electrons - metals
    • what is an anion
      • negative ions formed by gaining electrons - non metal
    • what is electrolysis
      • use of electricity to break down substances
    • what is an electrolyte
      • an ionic compound that conducts electricity when molten or dissolved
    • what is the anode in electrolysis
      • anode is the positive ion that loses electrons
      • atoms/molecules form
    • what is the cathode in electrolysis
      • cathode is the negative ion that gains electrons - reduction occurs
      • atoms/molecules form
    • what does PANIC stand for
      • Positive
      • Anode
      • Negative
      • Is
      • Cathode
    • what does oilrig stand for
      • Oxidation
      • Is
      • Lost
      • Reduction
      • Is
      • Gain
    • forms of metal extraction
      • metal found in native state/unreactive metals e.g. gold/silver
      • heating with carbon - displacement reaction - metals less reactive than carbon e.g. iron and zinc
      • electrolysis - metals more reactive than carbon e.g. aluminium, magnesium, calcium
    • what is an element
      • a substance containing only one type of atom
    • what is a compound
      • a substance containing two or more different types of atoms CHEMICALLY BONDED
    • what did jj Thompson CREATE?
      • he created the plum pudding diagram
    • what is the Mendeleev theory
      • he realised the periodic table made more sense to swap/ reverse the order of some elements
      • his table had some gaps in, which he predicted would be for elements not yet discovered
    • electron shells have a maximum of 2 in the first shell, 8 in the second and third shell and 2 in the fourth shell - 2.8.8.2
    • group 1
      • group 1 are alkali metals (they react with water to produce an alkali)
      • they get more reactive as you go down because the outer shell is further from the nucleus so it is donated more regularly
    • group 7
      • group 7 are halogens (they accept 1 electron to gain a full outer shell)
      • they get less reactive down the group (boiling point increases)
    • group 0/8 (last group on the right hand side)
      • they are noble gases - they are very unreactive as they have an empty/ full outer shell
    • what is metallic bonding
      • how metal atoms bond to each other