Introduction to organic chemistry

• Organic chemistry basics

  • organic chemistry = chemistry of carbon compounds
  • homologous series = families of organic compounds
  • have same general formula & same functional group
  • functional group = group of atoms that give characteristic properties & reactions to a molecule
  • similar chemical properties
  • different chain length -> different physical properties
• stereoisomer = molecules with the same molecular formulae but different structural formulae

  • chain isomers = different arrangement of hydrocarbon bonds
  • position isomers = same carbon skeleton with different position of the functional group
  • functional group isomers = same atoms arranged in a different functional group
• IUPAC naming rules

  1. find longest continuous carbon chain
  2. side-chain names appear in alphabetical order
  3. butyl, ethyl, methyl, propyl
  4. Each side-chain given it's own number
  5. start from end that will give the lowest numbers
  6. If identical side chain appears more than once -> prefix
  7. di, tri, tetra etc.
  8. numbers are seperated from names by a hyphen
• functional group priority

  1. carboxylic acid
  2. ester
  3. acyl chloride
  4. nitrile
  5. aldehyde
  6. ketone
  7. alcohol
  8. amine
  9. alkene
  10. halogenoalkane

  A) alkane

  B) alkene

  C) haloalkane

  D) aldehyde

  E) ketone

  F) alcohol

  G) ether

  H) amine

  I) carboxylic acid

  J) ester

  K) acyl halide