4.6

• Market Revolution


  Linking of northern industries with western and southern farms, created by advances in agriculture, industry, and transportation
• Migration


  1. Industrial cities exploded in size and diversity

  2. Influx of European immigrants, especially Irish and German

  3. Irish came due to Irish Potato Famine

  4. Germans came due to crop failures and failure of democratic revolutions in 1848
• Immigrant numbers


  • 1820s: 150,000
  • 1830s: 600,000
  • 1840s: 1.7 million
• Immigrants


  • Settled on eastern seaboard and worked in industrial sector
  • Provided cheap labor for manufacturers
  • Brought their cultures with them, establishing synagogues, churches, and new communities
• Nativists flourished in 1830s and 1840s, stereotyping immigrants as avaricious, underhanded, and agents of the pope
• Emerging middle class


  • Included businessmen, shopkeepers, journalists, doctors, lawyers
  • Valued education, temperance, Protestant religious affiliation
  • Had money to spend on leisure activities like plays, circuses, and sporting events
• Cult of domesticity


  Idea that a woman's identity and purpose was to have babies, raise them, and provide a haven of rest for her husband, while the husband did "real work" in the public sphere
• Women in factories


  • Worked 6 days a week for meager wages, 12-13 hours per day
  • Closely supervised by bosses who controlled their leisure time
• The Market Revolution fundamentally altered American society in the first half of the 19th century