Psy 256 -chapter 5

• Mental Lexicon


  Stored and retrieved from long-term memory, containing both semantic and phonological forms (meaning and how to say/write the word, how it sounds)
• Theory of word storage

  • Words are stored by meanings and sounds
• Phonological form errors


  • "Keep your feet moving" -> "Keep your foot meeving"
  • "Take my bike" -> "Bake my bike"
• Phonological form errors support the theory of words being stored as both semantic and phonological forms
• Lemma


  The base form of a word stored in long-term memory, not all inflected forms
• Lexeme


  The base form of a word plus its inflections and derivations
• Inflectional suffix


  • Adds grammatical information without changing the word class (e.g. play, plays, played, playing)
• Derivational suffix


  • Changes the word class (e.g. agree (verb) -> agreement (noun) -> agreeable (adjective))
• Thematic relation


  Associative relation between words (e.g. horse and saddle)
• Taxonomic relation


  Categorical relation between words (e.g. horse, pig, all animals)
• Up to age 8, children's lexicons are full of thematic associations, which become more taxonomically dominant over time
• Network Model


  Semantic memory is very organized, with more details as you go deeper

  
• Spreading Activation Model


  Words that are closely associated are stored close together
• Semantic Priming


  Context triggers associations between closely related words
• Picture-Word Interference Task


  • Semantic Interference Effect: taxonomic relation causes slower response
  • Semantic Facilitation Effect: thematic relation causes faster response
• Dual Lexicon Model


  Dorsal stream (phonological word forms), Ventral stream (semantic sound-to-meaning)
• The left hemisphere has greater activation when processing word meanings, but the right hemisphere is also involved, especially for closely associated words
• Spoken Word Production & Recognition

  Choosing the right word -> Hearing the word -> Understanding the meaning
• Lexical access


  Matching the heard sound to a word
• Lexical selection


  Choosing the right word to say
• Lexical integration


  Integrating the word into the context and making inferences about the meaning
• Cohort Model


  Set of words that begin with the same sequence of phonemes, which becomes more exclusive as more phonemes are added
• Shadowing task, Gating task

  • Evidence for Cohort Model
• Sentence Superiority Effect


  Words are recognised faster in the right context
• Word Frequency Effect


  More common words are recognised faster
• Spoken Word Production


  Lexical selection -> Phonological encoding -> Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
• Feedforward Model


  Speech production only goes in one direction, from idea to word form
• Interactive Model


  Speech production can go back and forth, allowing you to stop yourself from saying a word
• Persistent Developmental Stuttering


  • Disruption of speech-motor planning, early detection and prognosis are important
  • Delayed auditory feedback and rhythmic speech training can temporarily improve fluency
• Sentence processing

  Sentence processing occurs at 3 different levels: