PSYC58 Week 9

• What happens when you get inadequate sleep?

  Inadequate sleep causes impaired memory, learning, and attention; increased stress hormones and heightened emotions
• How many hours of sleep are we supposed to get and why has this changed?

  8 hours/10 hours; Electric light were introduced
• How much is 8 hours of sleep underestimated by?

  20%
• What is an external cue that synchronizes circadian rhythms?

  Zeitgeber which is Light
• Artificial light at night causes chronodisruption, what is that?

  Disruption of circadian rhythms
• What is the term that describes ambient illumination from streetlamps, headlights, airports, office buildings that brighten the night sky?

  Light pollution
• In the study of 12000 Australians, it is estimated every hour adults sit watching T.V., their life is shortened by?

  22 minutes
• Who is 2 times more affected by light pollution than white Americans?

  Asian, Hispanic, and Black Americans
• What is the inability to effectively cope with computer culture?

  Technostress
• What is the term for "Technologies breaking down easily make it important for us to keep up to date with new technologies"?

  Planned Obsolescence
• Noise from traffic, trains, fridges, and ventilators that causes a disturbance in sleep is called what?

  Industrial Noise
• So much information paradoxically makes us less informed and current is the term for?

  Information overload
• Eating on the go emerged during the rise of car culture in mid 20th century and T.V dinners appeared at this time 
• High fructose corn syrup in the center of isles releases a hormone called insulin
• Why are people getting fatter?

  People are less active, commercial portion sizes have grown since the 60s, ultra-processed foods affect people's hunger motivation
• Overconsumption of sugar leads to insulin resistance when the metabolic system is overtaxed resulting to metabolic syndrome: risk heart disease/diabetes
• 1950s contained significantly more micronutrients (minerals/vitamins) 
• What is the routine replenishment of soil nutrients with compost, rotation of crops allow natural restoration, propagation of heirloom seed varieties help genetic diversity in crops?

  Sustainable Farming
• Fat found in meat and dairy from cows raised in feedlots lack what?

  healthy fatty acids and antioxidants. 
• What term is used when describing how modern Western culture moved away from using ALL parts of the meat, including organs, bones, connective tissues and blood, which is usually the most nutrients found in the animal?

  Eating nose to tail
• There are several challenges to trying to figure out how, and to what extent, toxicants in air, water, and soil affect human health, what are they?

  They are: 1. no unexposed control groups 

  2. animal models often underestimate human impact 

  3. humans are exposed to a toxic soup 

  4. developing brain is particularly sensitive during critical periods 

  5. long latency between exposure and effects 

  6. Impact can be magnified by other factors like malnutrition, genetics 
• What is Latency Period?

  Exposure occurs during prenatal but the effects on learning happens when the child is in school
• Chemicals are considered what?

  "Innocent until proven guilty"
• What year did the government passed the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)?

  1976
• What is the Toxic Substance Control Act?

  It was a law that requires manufacturers of chemicals to register them with the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)
• Destroys/damages neurons. Developmental skills can result, e.g., Parkinsons is what chemical exposure?

  Neurotoxins
• What chemical exposure can cause genetic mutations that can damage chromosomes, impair cell replication, and lead to cell death?

  Mutagens
• What are cancer causing mutagens?

  Carcinogens
• What are the toxicants that interfere with prenatal development?

  Teratogens
• What are the term for "mimic/exaggerate effects of hormones, block receptors thus preventing natural hormones from doing its job. Includes developmental disabilities, adrenal and thyroid dysfunction, immune system suppression, reproductive system abnormalities, and obesity"?

  Endocrine Disruptors
• What can occur when toxins alter gene expression (switch gene off/on). This can account for disease or disability happening later in life and may impact future generations?

  Epigenetic Effects
• What is the term for the worrisome substance that remains in the environment for long periods of time without breaking down or losing their potency, they are bioaccumulate (concentrated in fatty tissues of living things)?

  Persistent Bioaccumulative Toxic Pollutants (PBTs)
• What are some common examples of PBTs?

  Lead, Mercury, and certain pesticides, and chemicals in plastics
• What is the term for residues of these PBT chemicals. Can be measured in blood, urine, and breast milk?

  Body Burden
• How can exposure to kids occur?

  Through various ways such as consuming toxicants in breastmilk, breathing dust and residue from crawling, plastic bottles that may contain endocrine disruptors, exposure to household cleaners that are not stored properly
• What country has the most lead production?

  China
• What is the second most toxic metal and was removed from paint and gas in the 1970s?

  Lead
• What is a natural substance but tripled levels found in air, water, soil due to industrial activities like coal-fired power plants, waste incineration, medical and dental practices, and mercury based thermometers that end up in landfills and leach into water supplies?

  Mercury
• What is the primary way that both children and adults are exposed to mercury?

  Fish
• Intentionally produced and released into environment to protect crops and control disease carried by mosquitoes, rodents, and other creators; these properties can harm humans/pets as well is the term for what?

  Pesticides