Enzymes

• Carbohydrates


  One of the four major groups of biological molecules
• Lipids


  One of the four major groups of biological molecules
• Proteins


  One of the four major groups of biological molecules
• Water


  One of the four major groups of biological molecules
• "You are what you eat" because whatever you eat makes up who you are
• Your body breaks down food, makes energy, and uses it to make building blocks
• Building blocks of life


  The elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (CHON)
• Biomolecules


  Also include phosphorus and sulfur
• Monomers


  The simplest repeating unit of a polymer
• Monomers


  • Monosaccharides (carbohydrates), amino acids (proteins), nucleotides (nucleic acids)
• Fatty acids and glycerol are not considered true monomers as they do not form polymers by joining end-to-end
• Polymers


  Molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together in a chain
• Polymers


  • Polysaccharides, polypeptides, polynucleotides
• Polymerization


  The process of monomers joining end-to-end, with the removal of water
• Hydrolysis


  The process of breaking down polymers using water
• Carbohydrates


  Biological molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Carbohydrates


  • Source of energy for respiration
  • Building blocks for larger molecules
  • Provide structural support
• Monosaccharides


  Single sugar molecules that are soluble and sweet
• Glucose


  The most common hexose (6-carbon) monosaccharide
• Alpha glucose


  A form of glucose where the OH group on the first carbon is pointing down
• Beta glucose


  A form of glucose where the OH group on the first carbon is pointing up
• Disaccharides


  Two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic bond
• Disaccharides


  • Maltose (glucose-glucose), lactose (glucose-galactose), sucrose (glucose-fructose)
• Glycosidic bond


  The covalent bond that forms between two monosaccharides when they join to make a disaccharide
• Polysaccharides


  Many monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds
• Polysaccharides


  • Starch, glycogen, cellulose
• Amylose

  A polysaccharide made of alpha-glucose monomers linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds
• Amylopectin

  A polysaccharide made of alpha-glucose monomers with branching 1,6-glycosidic bonds
• Glycogen

  The storage polysaccharide in animals
• Cellulose

  The structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls
• Polysaccharides

  Larger carbohydrate molecules made up of many monosaccharides
• Types of polysaccharides


  • Starch (amylose and amylopectin)
  • Glycogen
  • Cellulose
• Amylose


  A polysaccharide made up of alpha-glucose molecules linked by alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds in a linear, unbranched structure
• Amylopectin

  A polysaccharide made up of alpha-glucose molecules linked by alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glycosidic bonds, resulting in a branched structure
• Glycogen


  A highly branched polysaccharide made up of alpha-glucose molecules, serving as a carbohydrate storage molecule in animals
• Cellulose


  A polysaccharide made up of beta-glucose molecules linked by beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds, forming long, straight, unbranched chains that provide structural support in plant cell walls
• Starch testing


  1. Add iodine in potassium iodide solution

  2. Starch-iodine complex turns dark blue or black
• Starch, amylose, and amylopectin

  Amylose is linear, amylopectin is branched, and starch is a mixture of the two
• Glycogen vs starch


  Glycogen is more highly branched than starch
• Glucose is soluble and reactive, so it needs to be stored as insoluble polysaccharides like starch and glycogen</b>