Organic Molecules

• Organic molecules


  Molecules containing carbon
• This course

  • Provides a comprehensive understanding of organic chemistry, focusing on the structure, function, and reactions of organic molecules
  • Covers the structure and nomenclature of organic molecules
  • Identifies and classifies functional groups
  • Explores the diverse world of organic compounds
• Chemistry


  A subdiscipline of science that deals with the study of matter and the substances that constitute it
• Chemistry


  • Primarily focuses on atoms, ions, and molecules which, in turn, make up elements and compounds
  • Chemical species tend to interact with each other through chemical bonds
• Branches of chemistry


  • Physical chemistry
  • Organic chemistry
  • Inorganic chemistry
  • Analytical chemistry
  • Biochemistry
• Physical chemistry


  Deals with the chemistry of materials and structures, particularly as applied to non-living structures and industries
• Organic chemistry


  Essentially concerned with all substances containing carbon
• Inorganic chemistry


  Essentially concerned with non-carbon substances
• Analytical chemistry


  Deals with the identification of qualitative and/or quantitative composition of substances
• Biochemistry


  The chemistry of living things
• Carbon


  • Bonds reasonably strongly with other carbon atoms
  • Bonds reasonably strongly with atoms of other elements
  • Makes a large number of covalent bonds (four)
• Ways to draw molecules

  • Molecular formula
  • Skeletal formula
  • Structural formula
  • Condensed structural formula
• Skeletal structure


  • Simple, no C and H shown, bonds only, other atoms (non C, H)
  • Each point represents a carbon

  
• Pentane

  • Skeletal structure
• Nonane


  • Skeletal structure
• Never draw a carbon atom with more than four bonds
• When drawing a molecule, you should either show all of the H's and all of the C's, or draw a bond-line drawing where the C's and H's are not drawn

  
• When drawing each carbon atom in a zigzag, try to draw all of the bonds as far apart as possible
• Molecular formula

  Shows the number and type of atoms in a molecule

  
• Structural formula

  Shows the arrangement of atoms and the bonds between them
• Condensed structural formula

  Shorthand way of writing a structural formula, omitting some of the bonds and atoms
• IUPAC nomenclature


  A systematic way of naming organic compounds, developed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
• IUPAC


  International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, a globally recognized international chemistry standards organization
• Parts of an IUPAC name

  • Prefix (substituents)
  • First name (# of carbons)
  • Last name (type of carbon chain)
  • Suffix (functional groups)
• Alkanes


  Organic compounds with single carbon-carbon bonds (-ane)
• Alkenes


  Organic compounds with carbon-carbon double bonds (-ene)
• Alkynes


  Organic compounds with carbon-carbon triple bonds (-yne)
• Naming simple alkanes

  • Methane (1 carbon)
  • Ethane (2 carbons)
  • Pentane (5 carbons)
• Naming branched alkanes


  • Identify the parent chain
  • Number the chain
  • Name the parent and substituents
  • Include the number of each substituent
  • End the name of substituents in -yl
  • Identify the number of substituents
• Branched alkane names

  • 2-methylbutane
  • 5-ethyl-2-methylheptane
  • 3-ethyl-4-methylhexane
• 3,3-dimethylpentane

  • Skeletal structure
• Naming alkenes

  • 2-hexene (double bond at 2nd carbon)
  • 2-methyl-2-butene (2-methyl substituent, double bond at 2nd carbon)
  • Cyclopentene (double bond in cyclic compound)
  • 3-methyl-1,4-heptadiene (3-methyl substituent, two double bonds)
• Alkene names

  • CH3-CH2-C=CH2 (2-butene)
  • CH3-C=CH-CH2-CH3 (2-pentene)
• Naming alkynes

  • 2-butyne (triple bond at 2nd carbon)
  • 1-pentyne (triple bond at 1st carbon)
  • 1,5-heptadiyne (two triple bonds)