psychodynamic approach

• Personality type - normal


  fairly normal and stable
• personality type - Depressed

  previously unstable and are now in a depressive state of mind
• personality type - Circular

  unstable children alternating between depression and over-activity
• personality type - Hyperthymic


  constantly over-active
• personality type - Affectionless


  lack of normal affection, shame or sense of responsibility
• personality type - Schizoid

  marked schizoid of schizophrenic symptoms
• How many thieves were classed as 'affectionless'?

  14 out of 44
• How many of the 14 'affectionless' character types had experienced prolonged separation from the mother?

  12
• Of the 30 remaining thieves not classed as 'affectionless' how many had experienced prolonged separation from the mother?

  3
• In the control group of 44 how many had experienced prolonged separation from the mother?

  2
• Which approach does Bowlby subscribe to?

  The psychodynamic
• Bowlby proposed that damage to the mother-child relationships would affect the development of the......


  Superego! Leading to a reduced sense of what is right and wrong
• Bowlby's work focuses a great deal on one of the assumptions of the Psychodynamic approach, which one is this?

  The influence of early childhood experiences
• Evaluation - no causal findings refers to

  the variable isn't manipulated therefore we can only imply a relationship, not causation. There may be other variables contributing to emotional problems and delinquency
• Evaluation point - biased data refers to

  presence of researcher bias as Bowlby had sole responsibility for compiling and interpreting the results.
• Evaluation point - the sample....

  all children were emotionally disturbed and attending a child guidance clinic for emotionally disturbed children. Can we generalise these findings to other groups of children? Issues with population validity
• Ethical and social implications - confidentiality and privacy

  all children were named in the study and included detailed accounts of their histories. This can be problematic for ethical reasons
• Ethical and social implications - informed consent


  for research to be ethically compliant we must seek consent beforehand (research on children seeks consent from parents). It is argued that because of the timeline of dates that Bowlby published his research in retrospect, therefore potentially not gaining informed consent beforehand
• what was Bowlby working as at the time of his research?

  psychoanalyst
• Bowlby argued that the cause of childhood delinquency is

  early separation from the Mother
• Bowlby gathered his data via

  44 case studies
• Bowlby used a control group of

  44 children from the same clinic who were non-delinquents
• The sample of 44 thieves consisted of

  aged between 5 and 17, over half age 11 and under, 31 boys, 13 girls of overall average intelligence
• the sampling method used was

  opportunity sampling
• grade 4 stealing refers to


  chronic and serious thieving lasting very long periods
• grade 1 stealing refers to

  one theft
• how many of the 44 children were graded as grade 4 for stealing?

  half of the cases
• which groups of people did Bowlby include in his research?

  the thieves, the control group and the mothers of all of them
• which professionals were involved in the testing and interview process?

  psychologist, social worker and Bowlby (psychoanalyst)
• Did Bowlby use any information other than the interviews to build up his case study?

  IQ Tests, emotional state tests, school reports and criminal history etc
• What order did the procedures come in?

  1. initial assessment with psychologist to measure intelligence and emotion 2. social worker interview with mother 3. social worker and psychologist report back to Bowlby 4. Bowlby interviewed child and mother together 4. after interviews, team considered other relevant info such as school reports
• Thieves in the affectionless group were found to be more likely to....


  commit stealing at grade 4
• Id


  contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
• ego


  the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
• Superego


  the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations
• unconscious mind


  Freud's term for the part of our mind that we cannot become aware of
• Conscious Mind (Freud)


  level of the mind that is aware of immediate surroundings and perceptions
• Oedipus complex/Electra complex


  according to Freud, a child's sexual attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and jealousy toward the parent of the same sex; generally occurs in the phallic stage
• Denial (Freud's Defense Mechanisms)


  person refuses to acknowledge external realities or emotions
• Repression (defense mechanism)


  Banishes anxiety-arousing wishes and feelings from consciousness