final exam

• Organization of Life:

  atom -> molecule -> organelle -> cell -> tissue -> organ -> organ system -> organism -> population -> community -> ecosystem -> biosphere
• Characteristics of Life :

  • Organization of Life
  • Energy Use
  • Maintenance of Internal Constancy
  • Reproduction, Growth, Development
  • Evolution
• Domains of Life : Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
• Kingdoms: Protista, Animilia, Fungi, Plantae
• Emergent Properties - different parts that come together to make up something greater
• How different organisms obtain energy: Producers, Consumers, Decomposers
• Homeostasis - an internal state of constancy in changing environmental conditions
• Asexual reproduction offspring is identical; opposite of sexual reproduction
• Most abundant elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus
• Atomic number is determined by the number of protons
• Parts of an atom: Proton, Neutron, Electron
• Isotopes have a varying number of neutrons
• An ion gain or loses electrons
• An anion gains electrons and becomes negative
• A cation loses electrons and becomes positive
• Covalent bonds share electrons, ionic bonds transfer electrons, and hydrogen bonds depend on attraction from partial charges (hold together water)
• pH scale measure from 0-14, the lower the number the more H+ ions in the solution, with more OH for higher numbers, buffers help maintain nuetral pH by adding whatever is needed
• Properties of Water

  • Cohesion and Adhesion
  • Universal Solvent
  • Temperature Regulator
  • Expands when frozen
  • High surface tension
• Dehydration synthesis builds up monomers into polymers, bonds are broken and water is released; Hydrolysis breaks bonds using water
• Carbohydrates take form in monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, used to store energy and provide structure
• Proteins consists of amino acids, peptides, and peptide bonds, while carrying out all functions of the cell, they can take a variety of forms
• Lipids consist of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and glycerols, while also making up the cell membrane, providing long-term energy, and producing hormones
• Nucleic acids consist of nucleotides, such as DNA and RNA, while also storing genetic information
• Cell Theory states that all life is composed of cells, that cells are the fundamental unit of life, and that cells come from pre-existing cells.
• All cells have DNA, ribosomes, a cell membrane, and cytoplasm.
• Bacteria is simply structured but abundant and diverse. They have a cell wall and one or more flagella with DNA in the nucleoid.
• Archaea share characteristics with bacteria and eukaryotes but are able to withstand harsh environments that they cannot.
• Eukarya are larger that prokaryotic cells and consist of protists, plants, animals, and fungi.
• The endomembrane sysem consists of the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and cell membrane.
• The cell membrane is made up of phosphates, lipids, and carbs. It does not allow water to go through, only lipids and nonpolar molecules.
• Plants have exclusive organelles such as chloroplasts, central vacuoles, and cell walls.
• Cytoskeleton (microtubles, intermediate fillaments, microfillaments) aid with structure and organelle transport.
• Animal cells communitcate through tight, anchoring, and gap junctions. Plant cells communicate through plasmodesmata.
• 1st Law of Thermodynamics is that energy cannot be created or destroyed only transferred. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics says that increased entrophy loses heat.
• Metabolism is all chemical reactions and endergonic reactions form bonds but require input energy. Exergonic reactions break bonds but release energy.
• Oxidation Reduction Reactions (redox reaction) are used to power the electron transport chain by gaining or losing electrons.
• Inhibitions prevent uneeded reactions. Competitive inhibitions bind at the active site and replace substrates. Noncompetitive inhibitions bind away from the active site and alter the shape of the enzyme.
• Passive transport involves simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Osmosis can be further broken down into isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions.
• Active transport uses ATP as well as exocytosis, endoncytosis, pinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
• The shorter the wavelengths, the more kinetic energy.