paper 2 chemistry

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Created by
hanya ahmed

Cards (100)

  • [6.1]
    What is the rate of reaction?
    The rate of reaction is how quickly a reaction takes place.
  • [6.1]
    Give the formula for rate of reaction.
    Rate of reaction = Quantity of product/reactant / Time taken
  • [6.1]
    Why does the rate of reaction decrease over time?
    The rate of reaction decreases over time because the amount of products decreases as they are used up.
  • [6.2]
    Give the 4 factors affecting rate of reaction.
    The 4 factors affecting rate of reaction are:
    - Temperature
    - Surface area
    - Concentration
    - Catalysts
  • [6.2]
    What is collision theory?
    Collision theory is the idea that in order to react, particles must collide with sufficient energy (the activation energy).
  • [6.2]
    What is a catalyst?
    A catalyst speeds up the rate of reaction without being used up, offering an alternative pathway for particles.
  • [6.2]
    How does a catalyst speed up the rate of reaction?
    A catalyst speeds up the rate of reaction by offering an alternative pathway for particles to react with a lower activation energy, increasing the number of successful collisions.
  • [6.3]
    Describe how to find the rate of reaction over a given time within a graph.
    To find the rate of reaction over a given time within a graph:
    - Find the amount of substance used/produced in the given time frame
    - Find the rate of reaction using the formula
  • [6.3]
    Describe how to find the rate of reaction at a specific given time within a graph.
    To find the rate of reaction at a specific given time within a graph:
    - Draw a tangent at the given time
    - Find the amount of substance used/produced across the tangent
    - Find the time across the tangent
    - Find the rate of reaction using the formula
  • [6.4]
    What are reversible reactions?
    Reversible reactions are ones in which both sides of the equation can react to form the others.
  • [6.4]
    What is equilibrium?
    Equilibrium occurs when both the rate of forward and backward reaction is equal within a reversible reaction.
  • [6.4]
    Which reaction is favoured in a reversible reaction if the point of equilibrium lies to the right?
    If the point of equilibrium lies to the right in a reversible reaction, the forward reaction is favoured.
  • [6.4]
    Which reaction is favoured in a reversible reaction if the point of equilibrium lies to the left?
    If the point of equilibrium lies to the left in a reversible reaction, the backward reaction is favoured.
  • [6.4]
    Which type of system can equilibrium be reached in?
    Equilibrium can be reached in a closed system, as the conditions and mass of substances are constant.
  • [6.5]
    What is Le Chatelier's principle?
    Le Chatelier's principle is the idea that if changes are made to the conditions of a reversible reactions, the point of equilibrium shifts to counteract those changes.
  • [6.5]
    What effect would increasing the temperature have on a reversible reaction?
    Increasing the temperature in a reversible reaction would cause the equilibrium to shift and favour the endothermic side, taking in energy to counteract the heating.
  • [6.5]
    What effect would decreasing the temperature have on a reversible reaction?
    Decreasing the temperature in a reversible reaction would cause the equilibrium to shift and favour the exothermic side, releasing energy to counteract the cooling.
  • [6.5]
    What effect would increasing the pressure have on a reversible reaction?
    Increasing the pressure in a reversible reaction would cause the equilibrium to shift and favour the side with fewer molecules, decreasing the concentration and therefore pressure.
  • [6.5]
    What effect would decreasing the pressure have on a reversible reaction?
    Decreasing the pressure in a reversible reaction would cause the equilibrium to shift and favour the side with more molecules, increasing the concentration and therefore pressure.
  • [6.5]
    What effect would increasing the concentration of one side have on a reversible reaction?
    Increasing the concentration of one side in a reversible reaction would cause the equilibrium to shift and favour the opposite side, decreasing the concentration.
  • [7.1]
    What is a hydrocarbon?

    A hydrocarbon is a molecule composed entirely of hydrogen and carbon.
  • [7.1]
    What is a homologous series?
    A homologous series is a collection of compounds with a general formula.
  • [7.1]
    What are alkanes?

    Alkanes are a homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons.
  • [7.1]
    Why are alkanes described as saturated?
    Alkanes are described as saturated as every carbon atom has a single covalent bond with 4 other atoms, meaning it has no free bonds.
  • [7.1]
    Give the general formula for alkanes.

    The general formula for alkanes is CₙH₂ₙ₊₂.
  • [7.1]
    Name the first 4 alkanes.
    The first 4 alkanes are:
    - Methane
    - Ethane
    - Propane
    - Butane
  • [7.1]
    What is an isomer?
    An isomer is a structural variation of a molecule with the same molecular formula (the atoms are arranged differently).
  • [7.2]
    How does chain length affect an alkane?
    As chain length increases in an alkane:
    - Boiling point increases
    - Viscosity increases
    - Flammability increases
  • [7.2]
    What is the main usage of hydrocarbons?
    The main usage of hydrocarbons is as fuel through combustion.
  • [7.2]
    Give the word equation for complete combustion of a hydrocarbon.
    Hydrocarbon + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water
  • [7.3]
    What is crude oil?
    Crude oil is a mixture of compounds, mainly hydrocarbons.
  • [7.3]
    How is crude oil formed?
    Crude oil is formed as a result of dead organic matter compressing over millions of years.
  • [7.3]
    Why is crude oil considered a finite resource?
    Crude oil is considered a finite resource due to the fact that it takes millions of years to form.
  • [7.3]
    Describe fractional distillation of crude oil.
    In fractional distillation of crude oil:
    - The crude oil is heated until it is largely gaseous
    - The gaseous mixture is passed into a fractionating column
    - The fractionating column is heated at the bottom, and cools with height
    - As the gases travel up the column, they condense at different levels due to differing boiling points, separating them
  • [7.4]
    What is cracking?
    Cracking is a thermal decomposition reaction in which longer chain hydrocarbons are broken down into more useful ones.
  • [7.4]
    What are the 2 types of cracking?
    The 2 types of cracking are:
    - Catalytic
    - Steam
  • [7.4]
    Describe the steps for catalytic cracking.
    In catalytic cracking:
    - The hydrocarbon is vaporised
    - The hydrocarbon is passed over a catalyst, splitting it
  • [7.4]
    Describe the steps for steam cracking.
    In steam cracking:
    - The hydrocarbon is vaporised
    - The hydrocarbon is mixed with steam and heated, splitting it
  • [7.4]
    Give the general equation for cracking.
    Longer chain alkane → Shorter chain alkane + Alkene
  • [7.4]
    What are alkenes?
    Alkenes are a homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons.