(1) Understanding DataandWays to Systematically Collect Data

• research design - defined as the logical and coherent overall strategy that the researcher uses to integrate all the components of the research study
• experimental research - it allows the researcher to control the situation
• experimental research - this research design support the ability to limit alternative explanations and to infer direct causal relationships in the study
• experimental research - the approach provides the highest level of evidence for single studies
• non-experimental research - it allows the researcher to observe phenomena as they occur naturally and no external variables are introduced
• non-experimental research - there is no manipulation of variables
• non-experimental research - researchers collect data without making changes or introducing treatments
• descriptive - it is a design that is exploratory in nature
• descriptive - it is best used when the main objective of the study is just to observe and report a certain phenomenon as it is happening
• survey - survey research design involves collecting data from a sample of individuals through standardized questionnaires or interviews. The aim is to gather information about attitudes, opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of a population
• survey - survey can be conducted through various methods such as online surveys, phone interviews, or paper questionnaires
• comparative - comparative research design involves comparing two or more groups, settings, conditions, or variables to identify similarities and differences
• comparative - the aim is often to understand the effect of these differences of similarities
• evaluative - evaluative research design focuses on assessing the effectiveness, efficiency, or outcomes of programs, policies, intervention or initiatives
• evaluative - the goal is typically to provide evidence-based recommendations for improvement or decision-making
• methodological - methodological research design involves the development or evaluation of research methods, techniques, instruments, or procedures
• methodological - the focus is on improving the quality, validity, reliability, or efficiency of research practices.