SCIENCE FINALS

• Thermodynamics


  A branch of physics and engineering that focuses on converting energy, often in the form of heat and work. It describes how thermal energy is converted to and from other forms of energy and also to work.
• Temperature scales


  • Celsius
  • Fahrenheit
  • Kelvin
• Forms of Energy


  • Mechanical
  • Thermal
  • Chemical
  • Electrical
• Laws of Thermodynamics


  • First law - Conservation of Energy
  • Second law - Entropy
  • Third law - Absolute Zero
  • 4th Law - Zeroth Law
• First law of Thermodynamics


  Energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system. It just transforms into other form of energy.
• Second law of Thermodynamics


  The entropy of any isolated system always increases. Isolated systems spontaneously evolve towards thermal equilibrium, the state of maximum entropy of the system.
• Entropy


  The measure of a system's thermal energy per unit temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work
• The entropy of a perfect crystal is zero when the temperature of the crystal is equal to absolute zero.
• Spontaneous process


  A process that occurs naturally under certain conditions
• Non-spontaneous process


  A process that will not take place unless it is "driven" by the continual input of energy from an external source
• Types of processes


  • Spontaneous
  • Non-spontaneous
• Entropy (s)


  A thermodynamic quantity that is a measure of the randomness or disorder or the "available arrangement" for the system or surroundings

  
• Entropy refers to the number of ways the energy of a system can be dispersed through the motions of its particles

  
• Determining entropy change in a substance

  1. Increase in disorder

  2. Decrease in disorder

  3. We expect an increase in entropy when a gas is formed from the reactants.

  4. We expect a decrease in entropy when a gaseous reactant is converted to a solid or liquid.

  5. There is an increase in disorder during a decomposition reaction.
• In any spontaneous process, there is always an increase in the entropy of the universe
• Unit for entropy


  Joule/Kelvin (SI)
• Science


  An organized body of knowledge gathered over a long period of time to explain the world we live in
• Science


  Knowledge or a system covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method
• Scientific Method


  1. Identifying the problem (Questioning)

  2. Gathering Preliminary data

  3. Formulating a hypothesis

  4. Testing of the hypothesis

  5. Analysis and Interpretation of data

  6. Drawing of Conclusion
• Independent Variable


  Variable changed by the experimenter
• Dependent Variable


  Variable that responds to the variable that is changed in the experiment
• Experimental group


  Groups that receive treatment
• Control group


  Opposite of Experimental
• Hypothesis


  What we think the answer to the question is and it should stated in terms of the variables defined
• Scientific law


  A description of a natural occurrence that has been observed many times
• Scientific theory


  A reasonable explanation of a scientific law. It is derived from a hypothesis that has been supported by repeated testing
• Model


  Helps visualize occurrences and objects that cannot be observed directly
• Scientific laws and theories cannot be proven absolutely. They are maintained as all observations support them
• In science, the metric system is used in all measurements for its convenience and simplicity
• The International System of Units (SI) uses the seven base quantities and units

  • Mass (Kilogram, kg)
  • Length (Meter, m)
  • Time (Second, s)
  • Amount of Substance (Mole, mol)
  • Temperature (Kelvin, K)
  • Electric current (Ampere, A)
  • Luminous intensity (Candela, cd)
• Significant digits


  No. of certain digits + one certain digit (0 or 5)
• Major Regions of the Earth


  • Lithosphere
  • Hydrosphere
  • Atmosphere
  • Biosphere
• Types of Rocks


  • Igneous
  • Sedimentary
  • Metamorphic
• Minerals


  Elements or compounds that make up rocks
• Weathering


  Processes which combine to cause the disintegration and chemical alteration of rocks at or near earth surface
• Erosion


  Processes of loosening, removal, and transportation which tend to wear away the earth's surface
• Lithification


  Conversion of unconsolidated sediment into solid rock
• Meteorology


  The study of the earth's atmosphere, weather and climate
• Weather


  The daily condition of the earth's atmosphere
• Climate


  General conditions of temperature and precipitation in a large area over a long period of time