muscles

• 1. Supports the body

  2. Makes the bones move:

  3. Helps maintain a constant body temperature

  4. Protects internal organs and stabilizes joints

  Four main functions of skeletal muscles
• Long and tapered at each end

  Shape of smooth muscles
• one

  How many nuclei do smooth muscles have?
• - Throughout the body (organs)

  - In the walls of certain blood vessels (arteries) These contract to regulate blood pressure and direct blood flow

  - In the iris of the eye (control pupil size)

  Where are smooth muscles found?
• Involuntary and slow contractions

  Slow to fatigue

  What type of contractions do smooth muscles have?
• In the heart and the walls of the heart

  Where are cardiac muscles found?
• - Cells are tubular and striated

  - Branched creating a net like structure

  Shape of cardiac muscles
• one

  How many nuclei do Cardiac muscles have?
• Involuntary and fast

  What type of contractions do cardiac muscles have?
• Tubular and striated, very long

  Shape of skeletal muscles
• Many

  Its need for energy is too great to be satisfied by only one nucleus

  How man nuclei do skeletal muscles have?
• The flesh of animal and human bodies

  Where are skeletal muscles found?
• Voluntary

  What type of contractions do skeletal muscles have?
• Antagonist

  Permit the bones to move in opposite directions. One muscle contracts while the other relaxes

  Ex: Bicep vs tricep
• Tendons

  A tough, heavy band of tissue that attaches each end of a muscle to a different bone
• Ligament

  The muscle connecting bones to other bones
• Muscle twitch

  single muscle contraction
• Homeostasis

  A body's tendency to maintain a constant internal environment

  (e.g. body temperature)
• Muscle

  Consists of bundles of muscle fibers
• Myofibrils

  Hundred thousands sub units of muscle fiber
• Myofilaments

  - smaller structure, makes up myofibrils.

  - contain protein structures responsible for contractions
• Actin myofilament

  Two thin strands of protein molecules that are wrapped aroung each other
• Myosin molecule

  one end consists of a long rod and the other end consists of a double-headed region called the "head"
• Myosin myofilament

  consists of myosin molecules wrapped around each other, however it is thicker, about ten times larger and has a different shape than the actin myofilament
• Sarcomere

  The length of muscle between two Z lines
• Creatine Phosphate Breakdown

  - High energy compound that builds up when a muscle is resting.

  - Fastest way to make ATP available to the muscles, happens in midst of filaments

  -Anaerobic A.K.A NO oxygen
• Glucose + Oxygen + ADP ---> Carbon dioxide + Water + ATP

  Aerobic cellular respiration equation
• Atrophy

  - Reduction of size, tone and power of the muscle.

  - Can be reversible, but dead or dying muscles cannot be replaced
• Muscular Dystrophy

  Hereditary - skeletal muscles degenerate and replaced by fatty and fibrous tissue,which impedes blood circulation
• Botulism

  potentially fatal, caused by toxin produced by bacteria, and prevents release of muscle stimulating compounds that can lead to paralysis
• Fibromyalgia

  Chronic muscular pain, caused by diseases, physical or emotional trauma or medications
• Hypertrophy

  Exercise-induced, which increases the muscle mass.
• Crush syndrome

  shock state following massive crushing of muscles, associated with high fever, heart irregularities caused by potassium ions released by muscles, and kidney failure
• Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness

  (Important)

  Pain and stiffness felt several hours to a day after strenuous exercise
• Myositis

  Muscle inflammation and weakness resulting from infection or auto-immune disease (self-attacking disease)