APUSH Unit 4

• Political parties


  Fiercely opposed one another in the early American republic
• Federalist Party


  Fought for a powerful and vigorous central government, favored manufacturing interests
• Democratic Republicans


  Fought for a more limited central government, favored the ideal of agrarianism (self-sustaining farmers)
• Thomas Jefferson won the election, marking a peaceful transfer of power between rival parties (the "Revolution of 1800")


  1800
• Policy debates over the power of the federal government

  1. Abolishing the whiskey tax

  2. Limiting the military and federal jobs

  3. The Louisiana Purchase
• The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of America, despite Jefferson's principles of limiting federal power
• Exploration of the Louisiana Territory

  1. Lewis and Clark's Corps of Discovery

  2. Zebulon Pike's exploration of the southern part
• John Marshall, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court


  • Expanded federal power and the power of the court
  • Established judicial review in Marbury v. Madison
  • Ruled in McCulloch v. Maryland that national law trumps state laws
• Policy debates over relationships with European powers

  1. Refusing to pay tribute to the Barbary States, leading to the Barbary Wars

  2. The War of 1812 with Britain over impressment of American citizens and frontier issues
• The War of 1812


  Led to a surge of American nationalism and the demise of the Federalist Party
• The House of Representatives was controlled by Democratic Republicans, who were eager for war with Britain (the "War Hawks")
• The Federalists, especially in New England, fiercely opposed the War of 1812 and even threatened to secede from the Union
• The U.S. government sought to gain more territory and establish a growing influence in the Western Hemisphere
• In 1814, the Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812 between the U.S. and Britain, but left many things unclear, especially regarding Canada
• John Quincy Adams negotiated a treaty with Britain


  1. Established the border between the U.S. and Canada along the 49th parallel

  2. Established joint U.S.-British occupation of the disputed Oregon Territory for 10 years
• The Florida Territory belonged to Spain, who was having difficulty governing it due to rebellions in their South American colonies
• Andrew Jackson was sent to Florida by President Monroe


  1. Protect the American border

  2. Push the interlopers (Seminole Indians, runaway slaves, white settlers) back to where they came from
• Jackson attacked two Spanish forts, executed two Seminole chiefs and two British citizens, which angered Britain and Spain
• As a result, Spain decided to sell the Florida Territory to the U.S., and John Quincy Adams negotiated the Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819 to make the sale official and define the border
• Market Revolution


  The linking of northern industries with western and southern farms, created by advances in agriculture, industry, and transportation
• The Market Revolution marked America's transition from mainly an agrarian society into a firmly capitalist society
• Innovations in transportation


  1. Construction of the National Road (Cumberland Road)

  2. Building of canals, most significantly the Erie Canal

  3. Development of steamboats

  4. Expansion of railroads
• National Road (Cumberland Road)

  • Connected Maryland on the east coast to Illinois in the heartland, stretching for a thousand miles, all paved
• Canals


  • Human constructed rivers to facilitate trade and transportation
• Steamboats


  • Allowed goods to be delivered downstream and then powered back upstream, increasing efficiency of trade
• Railroads


  • Largely replaced canals as the main technology linking regions for trade and manufacture, expanded rapidly with government support
• Innovations in industrial technology

  1. New patent laws protecting inventions

  2. Eli Whitney's interchangeable parts technology revolutionizing manufacturing

  3. Birth of the factory system in the 1820s
• Interchangeable parts


  Machining each piece of a product with precision and in bulk, allowing for easy replacement of failed parts
• Factory system


  • Mass production of discreet parts by unskilled laborers, then assembly for shipment to markets
• Innovations in agriculture


  1. Eli Whitney's cotton gin speeding up cotton processing

  2. Shift from subsistence farming to commercial farming focused on cash crops
• Cotton gin


  • Significantly sped up the process of separating cotton seeds from cotton fibers
• Subsistence farming


  Farming to feed oneself and sell locally
• Commercial farming


  Farming cash crops exclusively for trade in local and distant markets
• The Market Revolution increasingly interconnected the different regions of America economically, and also increased economic ties internationally
• By 1822, Columbia, Mexico, Chile, Peru, and Argentina had thrown off European colonial power, and the U.S. quickly recognized their independence and established diplomatic relations
• Monroe Doctrine


  Declared that the lands and nations in the Western Hemisphere were the U.S.'s business, and that European militaries were not welcome to interfere
• The Monroe Doctrine officially challenged Europeans for authority in the Americas
• During the first half of the 19th century participatory democracy expanded pretty significantly
• A significant motivating factor was trade, as the U.S. established thriving trade relationships with Mexico and across the Pacific
• The increased demand for U.S. goods led to a revolution in manufacturing, known as the Market Revolution