Anti-Infectives

• Paul Erlich - he discovered salvarsan, arsphenamine, and compound 606

  • Selective Toxicity
  • Father of Chemotherapy
• Name of the compound

  A) Salvarsan

  
• Atoxyl/Na Arsanilate "Arsphenamine" - was used for sleeping sickness
• Name of the structure

  A) Arsphenamine

  
• Germicide - anti-infective used locally
• Anti-sepsis - anti-infective used in living tissues
• Disinfection - anti-infective used on inanimate objects
• Decontamination - marked reduction of microorganisms
• Sanitation - reduction of microbial load on an inanimate object to a level acceptable for public use
• Sterilization - destruction of all types, including spores, of microbes with virus at low chance of survival
• Pasteurization - killing microbes by hot water ot steam at 65-100°C
• Formalin, Alcohol, Phenol (FAP) - strong coagulators
• Phenol, Iodine, Cresol, Strong acids/bases (PICS) - denaturant
• Protein precipitation - MOA of Alcohols and related compounds
• Alcohols SAR: Increase in potency = Increase number of Carbon until C8

  • Increase potency = Decrease branching
• Isopropyl Alcohol - the exemption in Alcohols and related compounds
• Name of structures

  A) Methanol

  B) Formaldehyde

  C) Formic acid

  
• Ethyl alcohol "Ethanol, Grain Alcohol, Rectified spirit, Wine spirit, Spiritus vini rectificatus" preparations:

  • 25% - antipyretic
  • 60-90% - germicidal
  • 70% - disinfectant
  • 95% - commercial use, forms azeotrope with H20
• Name of structure

  A) Ethyl Alcohol

  
• Isopropyl Alcohol "Rubbing Alcohol" preparations:

  • 50-95% - bactericidal
  • 40% isopropyl oh = 60% etoh
  • 68-72% - disinfectant
• Name of structure

  A) Isopropyl Alcohol

  
• Azeotropic Isopropyl Alcohol - used on gauze pads for sterilization of the skin prior to hypodermic injections
• Dehydrated Alcohol "Absolute OH" - contains NLT 99% w/w ethyl alcohol

  • prepared by azeotropic distillation of ethyl alcohol and benzene
• Diluted Alcohol - mixture of Ethyl alcohol and Water 41-42% by weight
• Glycerin "Glycerol" - 1st polyhydric alcohol which can yield both an aldose and a ketose

  • used as a solvent and humectant
• Name of structure

  A) Glycerin

  
• Ethylene Oxide - a gas sterilant for temperature-sensitive equipment

  • Increase reactivity = explodes in air at 3-80%
• 90% CO2 + 10% Ethylene Oxide = Carboxide (without explosion)
• Name of structure

  A) Ethylene OXide

  
• Ethylene Oxide MOA: alkylation of proteins and nucleic acid = Increase carcinogenicity
• Formaldehyde "Formalin, Formol, Methanal" - disinfectant for rooms, clothing, surgical instruments but is irritating

  • usually contains NLT 37% with methanol to prevent polymerization
• Formaldehyde MOA: direct nonspecific alkylation of nucleophilic functional group in proteins and acids to form cabinol derivatives
• Glutaraldehyde "Glutarol, Pentanedial" - superior to formaldehyde

  • effective against all microbes, spores, virus
  • for equipment that cannot be autoclaved
• Name of structure

  A) Glutaraldehyde

  
• Commercial Glutaraldehyde - contains 2% glutaraldehyde buffered at pH 7.5-8
• Phenol and derivatives - MOA: Protein precipitant and denaturant

  • SAR: Increase activity = Addition of R or X group at PARA position
• Phenol coefficient - defined as the ratio of a disinfectant to the dilution of phenol to kill a given strain of the bacterium Salmonella typhi
• Phenol "Carbolic acid, Phenic acid" - is soluble in 1:15 in water

  • forms eutectic mixtures with many substances
• Liquified Phenol - contains 10% H2O
• P-chlorophenol - external antiseptic and anti-irritant with camphor in liquid petrolatum

  • Phenol coefficient = 4