grp 1

• Presbyopia

  
  

  Due to the reduced elasticity and stiffening of the muscle fibers of the lens of theeye whichinterferes withtheability to focus.
• Effects of ageing on vision

  • Cornea starts to deteriorate or become less sensitive
  • Pupils react slowly in response to light
  • Lens becomes yellowed, less flexible, and starts to exhibit cloudy formation which leads to cataracts
  • Fat pads decrease and eye muscles become less able to fully rotate the eye
  • Visual acuity gradually declines
• pe for eyes


  Inspect the eyes for unusual structure, drooping eyelids, discoloration, and abnormal movement.

  Palpation of the eyeballs with the eyelids

  
  

  Perform a gross evaluation of visual acuity by having the patient read a Snellenchart
• Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)


  is a progressive disease in which light-sensing cells are damaged inthe macula, thepart of the retina responsible for central vision.

  Risk factors include advancing age; being white; and having a family history of AMD, cardiovascular disease, smoking, or hypertension.
• Cataracts


  increase in density gradually and eventually may require surgery. In their early stages, cataracts are largely asymptomatic.

  Risk factors include age, certain diseases (such as diabetes), smoking and alcohol consumption, and prolonged exposure to sunlight (specifically ultraviolet B radiation).
• Glaucoma


  another leading cause of blindness that is associated with loss of peripheral vision, often the result of increased intraocular pressure that damages the optic nerve
• Diabetic Retinopathy


  damages retinal blood vessels, causing them to leak, grow abnormally, and form scar tissue.

  aged 20 to 74 years.
• Hearing


  Enables perception, communication, and interaction with the surrounding environment through the coordination of ears, auditory nerves, and the brain to convert vibrations into meaningful sound signals
• Physiological changes while aging:

  Changes in theinner ear

  Decreased blood flow

  Loss of Neural Connections

  Changes in middle ear
• Presbycusis


  (Age-Related HearingLoss)
• Tinnitus


  Ringing,buzzing, or other phantom noises in theears
• Otosclerosis


  Abnormal bone growth in the middle ear
• Meniere ' s Disease


  Inner ear disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus, and a feeling of fullness in the ear.
• Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD)


  Difficulty processing auditory information in the brain
• Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss


  Rapid-onset hearing loss, often unilateral, which can occur without warning
• Hearing Aid


  electronic, battery-run assistive devices that make some sounds louder
• Cochlear implant


  electronic devices surgically implanted into the inner ear to stimulate the auditory nerve directly, by passing damaged hair cells in the cochlea.
• Sensitivity to five tastes (sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami) often declines at age


  60
• sense of smell diminishes more after age of

  70
• The smell recptors are located in the

  olfactory epithelium
• Taste buds


  responsible for detecting the taste compounds in foods or anything that enters the mouth
• Anosmia


  partial or full loss of smell. Anosmia can be a temporary or permanent condition.
• Hyposmia


  refers to a decreased sense of smell. 
• Parosmia


  a distorted sense of smell.
• Phantosmia


  olfactory hallucination makes you detect smells that aren't really there in your environment.
• Ageusia


  loss of taste
• Hypogeusia


  decrease sense of taste
• Dysgeusia


  is a taste disorder. People with the condition feel that all foods taste sour, sweet, bitter or metallic.
• cause of anosmia

  Certain medications: antibiotics, antidepressants,heart medications, and others.

  Cocaine abuse

  Certain medical conditions: Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Multiplesclerosis,nutritional deficiencies,hormonal imbalances, and congenital conditions

  Radiation treatment of head andneck cancers
• cause of Ageusia

  COVID-19infection

  Sinusitis

  Common cold

  Sore throat

  Strep throat

  Gum disease

  Zinc and Vitamin B12 deficiency

  Obesity

  Drinking and smoking

  Multiplesclerosis

  Certain drugs, likelithium.
• treatment for ageusia

  Vitamin and Mineral supplements (Zinc and Vitamin B12)

  Sensory theraphy.
• Touch


  allows you to detect pain, temperature, pressure, vibration, and body position.
• why are sensations may reduced or changed as we age

  reduced blood circulation to the nerve endings, spinal cord, or brain.
• Delirium


  short term and sudden onset

  often triggered by medical issue (infection, side of effects of meds)

  fluctuating confusion, disorientation

  can be reversible
• Dementia


  long term and progressive

  develops slowly overtime and worsens gradually

  caused by damage to braincells

  leads to memory loss, difficulty with language and communication, change in mood and behavior

  typically irreversible
• Alzheimer's disease


  It is a progressive disease beginning with mild memory loss and possibly leading to loss of the ability to carry on a conversation and respond to the environment. 
• Vascular dementia


   It's caused when decreased blood flow damages brain tissue. Blood flow to brain tissue may be reduced by a partial blockage or completely blocked by a blood clot.
• Lewy body dementia


  brain disorder that can lead to problems with thinking, movement, behavior, and mood. Visual hallucinations, or seeing things that are not there, are a common symptom, and tend to happen early on.
• frontotemporal dementia


  the result of damage to neurons in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. Many possible symptoms can result, including unusual behaviors, emotional problems, trouble communicating, difficulty with work, or difficulty with walking
• mixed dementia


  A person living with mixed dementia will show symptoms of at least two different types of dementia.

  usually Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia.