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• Nomenclature


  The precise system that deals with terms indicating the ranks of taxonomic groups as well as the application of names to such groups. It is the study of the system and methods of naming organisms which includes construction, interpretation, and application of the regulations governing the system.
• The purpose of giving a name to a taxonomic group is not to indicate its characters or history, but to supply a means of referring to it and to indicate its taxonomic rank
• The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) standardizes name of plants. ICBN is enacted by International Botanical Congress which meets every four years. It's a law, and the enforcement of which is based on botanical agreement.
• Common name or vernacular name is not accepted in ICBN.
• Species names


  Must be in Latin form written in Latin alphabet and subject to the rule of Latin grammar.
• The generic name and the specific epithet form the binomial called the scientific name.
• Complete scientific name

  Includes the third element- the author (i.e. Rafflesia banaoana Malabrigo). The author is the one who formally described the plant.
• Names of taxa at the upper principal ranks above the species

  Are monomials (i.e. Family Malvaceae).
• Names may be trinomials


  As in infraspecific level (i.e. Pterocarpus indicus forma echinatus)
• Botanical nomenclature is independent of zoological nomenclature. The Code applies equally to names of taxonomic groups treated as plants whether or not these groups were originally so treated.
• Typification


  The process of indicating or designating a type
• Nomenclatural type


  An element (usually an herbarium specimen) with which the name is permanently associated. It fixes a name to a particular taxon.
• Priority of publication


  The nomenclature of a taxonomic group is based upon priority of publication
• Validly published name

  • Published in printed matter available internationally
  • With a description or diagnosis, or reference to a previously published description
  • Accompanied by a Latin description or a reference to a previously and effectively published description or diagnosis
  • Indication of a nomenclatural type
• With a few exceptions, the correct name is the earliest legitimate name (name in accordance with all the rules of the code). Rule of priority is not mandatory above the rank of the family. It was implemented on May 01, 1753, the date when Species Plantarum was established.
• Correct name


  Each taxonomic group with a particular circumscription, position, can bear only one correct name, the earliest that is in accordance to the rules, except in specified cases.
• Scientific names of taxonomic groups are treated as Latin regardless of their derivation.
• The Rules of nomenclature are retroactive unless expressly limited.
• Common name or vernacular name is not accepted in ICBN.
• Reasons for not accepting common/vernacular names

  • Multiplicity of language and use of different alphabets
  • The same name is often use in different sense to denote different species
  • One species may be known for more than one name
• Species names


  Must be in Latin form written in Latin alphabet and subject to the rule of Latin grammar
• Latin is a dead language, it is no longer used therefore very conservative, and more or less permanent. It is the common language of learned men in Europe where science of Botany originated and developed. Latin was the language used when Linnaeus developed the system of nomenclature.
• Complete scientific name

  Includes the third element- the author (i.e. Rafflesia banaoana Malabrigo). The author is the one who formally described the plant. The name of the author is often abbreviated.
• Monomials


  The names of taxa at the upper principal ranks above the species
• Trinomials


  Names at the infraspecific level (i.e. Pterocarpus indicus forma echinatus)
• Formatting of scientific names

  Italicized when in print and underlined when typed, hand written or printed. Enclosed in parenthesis when used in manuscript.
• Generic name


  Singular, Latinized noun or word treated as a noun. The initial letter is always capitalized, the remainder in small letters.
• Specific epithet


  All letters are in the lower case.
• Types of names 4

  • Commemorative names
  • Descriptive/Adjectival names
  • Nominative names
  • Miscellaneous names
• Gender agreement


  Generic name and the epithet should have the same gender (Masculine, Feminine, Neuter)
• Types of types

  • Holotype
  • Isotype
  • Syntype
  • Lectotype
  • Isolectotype
  • Neotype
  • Boobootype
  • Kleptotype
• "Nyms" and Names

  • Homonym
  • Basionym
  • Tautonym
  • Synonym (Nomenclatural, Taxonomic)
  • Hyponym
  • Typonym
  • Autonym
  • Alternative names
  • Conserved name
  • Correct name
• Remodeling (description alteration) involves addition, deletion or transfer of characteristics used in the circumscription of a taxon. Remodeling of a taxon does not necessitate nor warrant a change in name.
• Dividing a taxon is the separation into two or more recognizable groups. If evidences indicate a genus should be divided, the generic name must be retained for the genus that includes the species designated as the type.
• Proper Author Citations


  • Original author
  • Joint authors
  • Name proposal
  • Description alteration (remodeling)
  • Taxon transfer
• Interspecific hybrid


  Hybrid between two different species within the same genus
• Intergeneric hybrid


  Hybrid between two species of different genera of the same family
• Cultivar


  Recognizable infraspecific entities of diverse nature, e.g. clones, self-fertilised purelines, cross-fertilized assemblages
• Basic information needed for plant identification

  • Pertinent taxa
  • Useful differentiating characters of these taxa
  • The taxon or characters themselves
• Methods of Identification

  • Expert determination
  • Use of keys
  • Use of Herbarium
  • Use of literature
  • Use of botanic gardens