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• Biological macromolecules


  Large organic cellular components abundantly obtained naturally and are responsible for a variety of essential functions for the growth and survival of living organisms
• Organic compounds


  Substances that contain carbon (C), and carbon atoms provide the key structural framework that generates the vast diversity of organic compounds
• All things on Earth (and most likely elsewhere in the universe) that can be described as living have a crucial dependence on organic compounds
• Polymers


  Large molecules made up of monomers
• Polymer formation


  Bonding (chemically linking) a series of building blocks
• Monomer


  Building blocks of polymers
• Biomolecules


  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids
• Carbohydrates


  • Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as in water
• Types of carbohydrates


  • Monosaccharides (Simple Sugar)
  • Disaccharides (Double Sugar)
  • Polysaccharides (Starch)
• Monosaccharides


  Single-chain or single-ring structures containing from three to seven carbon atoms
• Monosaccharides


  • Glucose
  • Fructose
  • Galactose
  • Ribose
  • Deoxyribose
• Disaccharides


  When two simple sugars are joined
• Disaccharides


  • Sucrose (glucose-fructose)
  • Lactose (glucose-galactose)
  • Maltose (glucose-glucose)
• Polysaccharides


  Long, branching chains of linked simple sugars, lacks sweetness due to its large size
• Polysaccharides


  • Starch
  • Glycogen
• Lipids


  • Large and diverse group of organic compounds, enter the body in the form of fat-marbled meats, egg yolks, milk products, and oils, carbon and hydrogen atoms outnumber oxygen atoms
• Types of lipids


  • Triglycerides
  • Phospholipids
  • Steroids
• Triglycerides


  Neutral fats, composed of fatty acids and glycerol, has more carbon and hydrogen than oxygen
• Triglycerides


  • trans fat
  • omega-3
  • oils
  • butter
  • margarine
• Phospholipids


  Similar with triglycerides, but differ in phosphorus-containing group, composed of fatty acids and glycerol, has polarity, and is considered water- and fat-soluble
• Phospholipids


  • Found in cell membranes
• Steroids


  Fat soluble, flat molecules formed of four interlocking rings
• Steroids


  • Cholesterol
• Proteins


  • Account for over 50 percent of the organic matter in the body, and they have the most varied functions of the organic molecules
• Types of proteins


  • Fibrous proteins
  • Globular proteins
• Fibrous proteins


  Also called structural proteins, appear most often in body structures and are very important in binding structures and providing strength
• Fibrous proteins


  • Collagen
• Globular proteins


  Mobile, generally compact, spherical molecules, water-soluble proteins that play crucial roles in virtually all biological processes
• Globular proteins


  • Hormones
  • Enzymes
• Nucleic acids


  • They make up the genes, which provide the basic blueprint of life
• Types of nucleic acids

  • Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
  • Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
  • Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
• DNA


  Genetic material found within the cell nucleus, made up of a double chain of nucleotides, ensures genetic formation is identical before replication, provides the instructions for building every protein in the body
• RNA


  Located outside the nucleus, can be considered the "molecular slave" of DNA, a single strand of nucleotide, messenger RNA carries the information for building the protein from the DNA genes to the ribosomes, transfer RNA carries amino acid to the ribosomes, ribosomal RNA forms part of the ribosomes
• ATP


  The chemical energy provider that all body cells use, without ATP, molecules cannot be made or broken down, cells cannot maintain their boundaries, and all life processes grind to a halt