GC Q2

• is the study of carbon containing

  compounds, with the exception of carbon monoxide,

  carbon dioxide, carbonates, bicarbonates, and cyanides.

  These are the chemical basis for life itself and for many

  other materials essential for sustaining life.

  Organic Chemistry
• belongs to Group 4A and has four valence

  electrons; but instead of losing or gaining four electrons the

  carbon atoms forms covalent bonds with a large of other

  elements such as hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous,

  sulphur, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

  Carbon
• the ability to bond with itself in single, double, or triple

  bonds to form stable straight chains, branched chains and ring structures.

  Catenation
• It is tetravalent

  Carbon Atom
• refers to the mixing of orbitals in an atom to generate

  a set of hybrid orbitals.

  Hybridization
• exists in a

  carbon atom with four single bonds.

  One electron in 2s orbital of the

  carbon atom is promoted in 2p

  orbital, and then it is followed by

  mixing of 2s and 2p orbitals to form

  four equivalent 𝑠𝑝3hybrid orbitals

  with tetrahedral orientation.

  sp3 hybridization
• In the formation of ethane, two 𝑠𝑝3 carbon approach each other and form 𝑠𝑝3 − 𝑠𝑝3 head on overlap called what?

  sigma (𝝈) bond
• exists in carbon atom with one double bond and two single bonds. The 𝑠𝑝2

  hybrid orbitals are formed by

  mixing 2s orbital with only 2p

  orbitals of a carbon atom to give

  three equivalent 𝑠𝑝2 hybrid orbitals

  with trigonal planar orientation. One

  unhybridized 2p remain uncharged.

  Sp2 hybridization
• exists in carbon atom with one triple and one single. It is formed by the

  mixing of one 2s orbital and one

  2p of a carbon atom to give two

  equivalent sp hybrid orbitals of

  linear structure. Two unhybridized

  2p orbitals remain uncharged.

  Sp Hybridization
• shows all the atoms and

  all the bonds connecting them.

  Expanded structural formula
• shows how many hydrogen atoms are attached to each carbon atom.

  Condensed structural formula
• is a shorthand way of drawing the expanded structure; the carbon atoms are assumed to be at the intersection of two lines and at the end of each line. The hydrogen atoms are also not shown, because carbon atoms always have a valence of four. All other atoms, except for the C and H atoms, are shown in the formula. 


  Skeletal structural formula
• The functional groups containing only carbon and hydrogen, and those with

  double bonds and triple bonds

  Hydrocarbons
• have carbon-carbon single bonds.

  Saturated Hydrocarbons
• n corresponds to the number of carbon atoms. These includes methane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, and so on.


  Alkanes
• are seen in alkanes with carbon atoms connected in a row.

  Straight Chains
• are formed when one hydrogen atom is removed and replaced by an alkyl group.

  Branched chains
• are saturated hydrocarbons in which the carbon atoms are connected to one another in a ring.

  Cycloalkanes
• unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain one or more C≡C triple bonds.

  Alkynes