07 discourse

• Discourse Refers to any unit of connected speech or writing longer than a sentence
• ⦁ Discourse cannot be confined to sentential boundaries. It is something that goes beyond the limits of the sentence. In other words, discourse is any coherent succession of sentences, spoken or written
• ⦁ Discourse is one (1) of the four (4) systems of language, the others being vocabulary, grammar, and phonology. It is any piece of extended language (language that is more than one [1] ,

  ⦁ sentence), written or spoken, that has unity, meaning, and purpose.
• ⦁ Narration

  It is the description of an event, which occurs in chronological order. The differences of narration from description are: (1) it uses the pronouns like “I” and “me”; (2) it includes an action; and (3) it follows a chronological order but the description does not.
• Elements

  ⦁ Setting – This is the time and the place of the action. This answers the questions When and Where.

  ⦁ Character – These are the persons involved in the story. It answers Who in the narrative.

  ⦁ Actions – These are the incidents in the story, the causes responsible for the occurrence, and the manner that the outcome is brought about. It answers What, Why, and How.

  ⦁ Note that there are other elements of narrative in a literature class.
• ⦁ Types

  ⦁ Simple – narrative of events which really happen

  ⦁ Plotted – fictional, results of the author's invention or ingenuity
• ⦁ Description

  It is the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars in the story. It can go hand in hand with narration and makes the events in the story more vivid.
• kinds

  Informative (Scientific and Technical)

  ⦁ appeals to the intellect

  ⦁ describes how it looks, feels or does, tastes, smells, sounds

  ⦁ details in the appearance (color, size, and shape) of a person; a place or an object for the purpose of identification
• KINDS

  Artistic (Suggestive / Evocative or literary)

  ⦁ aims to give pleasure

  ⦁ appeals to the sense of beauty by stimulating the imagination and emotion of the reader that he may have a vivid image of the object as felt and seen by the writer
• ⦁ Exposition

  It is a type of oral or written discourse used to explain, describe, or give information. The creator of an expository text cannot assume that the reader or listener has prior knowledge or prior understanding of the topic that is being discussed. One important point to keep in mind for the author is to try to use words that clearly show what they are talking about rather than blatantly telling the reader what is being discussed.
• The difference of exposition to argumentation is: An exposition gives the reader a balanced amount of the subject and it uses a neutral, objective tone. On the other hand, argumentation convinces the reader of the writer's overall point and suggests wider implication.
• ⦁ Exposition of a Process – the most frequently used organizational patterns

  Common Types of Exposition of a Process

  ⦁ How to do it – gives directions for doing something in the manner of recipe

  ⦁ How it works – shows an operation in its successive stages
• Exposition of a Process How it is organized - shows how a complex organization functions by breaking it into department and showing what each does

  ⦁ How did it happen – casual process, which seeks a cause for a known effect and shows why and how an event occurred
• ⦁ Exposition of an Abstract Term – achieved by definition, by analogy, by comparison and contrast, by example, by cause and effect, by repetition, by question and answer or by combined methods

  ⦁Three (3) Parts of Definition

  ⦁ Term – word to be defined

  ⦁ Genus – the class or concept to which the term belongs

  ⦁ Differentia/differentiation – the characteristics that differentiate it from others belonging to the same class.
• ⦁ Character Sketch – the process of writing individual traits to set forth our idea of the person. It is also giving details of the characteristics of some personified animal or thing.

  Two (2) Kinds of Character Sketches

  ⦁ Individual sketch – concerns a particular person

  ⦁ Type sketch – deals more with the characteristics common to a group
• ⦁ Essay – an exposition of an author's thoughts or reflections on some subject

  of human interest

  Two (2) Kinds of Essay and its Purpose

  ⦁ Formal Essay – to give information and instruction

  ⦁ Informal Essay – to reveal writer's personality, to entertain, to

  comment on interesting and important matters
• ⦁ Classification and Partition – Two (2) different patterns, but both involve sorting information into categories. These methods are generally used to handle subjects where there is so much information. The writer, then, decides to break the subject up into smaller pieces and examine each piece separately.
• ⦁ Summary – This states and explains briefly the subject of any spoken or written composition of considerable length. The words abstract, epitome, resume, abridgment, recapitulation and summary are practically synonymous. The degree of condensation of any piece of composition must depend on the purpose.
• Comment and Criticism


  Usually published in newspapers and magazines, written on a large variety of subjects such as books, play, music, painting, sculpture, or anything that naturally evokes opinion or judgment. Aimed at placing a book or any other piece of work in its proper niche of respect and authority. Justifies the point of view and final judgment by means of signaling out merit and demerit, comparison with established standards, and analysis of the work as a whole and part-by-part. Can be constructive, pointing the way to meritorious accomplishment, giving advice and encouragement upon the given piece of work under review. Can be destructive, deliberately so adverse as to discourage further effort on the part of the writer or artist along the line of work on which the criticism is based.
• Three (3) Kinds of Criticism

  • Historical criticism
  • Criticism by use of standards
  • Impressionistic or Personal Criticism
• Argumentation


  The form of composition that aims to convince others of the truth or falsity of a disputed matter. It appeals to the understanding.
• The three goals of critical argumentation

  • Identify
  • Analyze
  • Evaluate
• comment and criticism: Aimed at placing a book or any other piece of work in its proper niche of respect and authority. Justifies the point of view and final judgment by means of signaling out merit and demerit, comparison with established standards, and analysis of the work as a whole and part-by-part. Can be constructive, pointing the way to meritorious accomplishment, giving advice and encouragement upon the given piece of work under review.
• comment and criticism : Can be destructive, deliberately so adverse as to discourage further effort on the part of the writer or artist along the line of work on which the criticism is based.
• How to do it – gives directions for doing something in the manner of recipe
• ⦁ How it works – shows an operation in its successive stages
• How it is organized - shows how a complex organization functions by breaking it into department and showing what each does.
• ⦁ How did it happen – casual process, which seeks a cause for a known effect and shows why and how an event occurred
• Classification and Partition: These methods are generally used to handle subjects where there is so much information. The writer, then, decides to break the subject up into smaller pieces and examine each piece separately.
• Character Sketch – the process of writing individual traits to set forth our idea of the person. It is also giving details of the characteristics of some personified animal or thing
• .Two (2) Kinds of Character Sketches ⦁ Individual sketch – concerns a particular person ⦁ Type sketch – deals more with the characteristics common to a group
• Exposition of an Abstract Term – achieved by definition, by analogy, by comparison and contrast, by example, by cause and effect, by repetition, by question and answer or by combined methods
• Term – word to be defined
• ⦁ Genus – the class or concept to which the term belongs
• Differentia/differentiation – the characteristics that differentiate it from others belonging to the same class.
• ⦁ Essay – an exposition of an author's thoughts or reflections on some subjectof human interestTwo (2) Kinds of Essay and its Purpose
• ⦁ Formal Essay – to give information and instruction
• ⦁ Informal Essay – to reveal writer's personality, to entertain, tocomment on interesting and important matters
• summary – This states and explains briefly the subject of any spoken or written composition of considerable length.
• The words abstract, epitome, resume, abridgment, recapitulation and summary are practically synonymous.