Lecture 6

• Encomienda


  An implementation which permitted individuals (peninsulares) called encomenderos to collect taxes from colonial subjects on behalf of the government
• Encomenderos

  • Had to (1) protect the people living inside the encomienda from outsiders and invasions, (2) maintain peace and order, and (3) assist the friars in Christianizing the non-Spanish
• Tributo


  Basic tax paid by colonial subjects (15 reales in the 19th century)
• Bandala system


  Annual forced sale of goods from the taxpayers to the government
• Polo y servicios


  System of forced community labor wherein colonial subjects had to work for the government for a total of 40 days per year
• Polistas


  • Individuals identified by the gobernadorcillos and cabezas de barangay to participate in the polo y servicios
• Galleon Trade


  Trade system between the Philippines and Mexico that started in 1565, after the discovery of the Urdaneta Passage
• Roman Catholicism arrived in the Visayas through the Magellan expedition


  1521
• The Christianization of the Philippines resumed when the Legazpi expedition successfully took Cebu as the first Spanish colony in Asia


  1565
• 
  

  Secular clergy

  • Augustinians
  • Franciscans
  • Jesuits
  • Dominicans
  • Recollects
• Entrada


  • Missionaries accompanied by soldiers provided by the government, often leading to violence due to native resistance
• Taxation in Spain’s colonial possessions was meant to raise funds.
• What was given in exchange for the encomenderos?

  quarter of the collected taxes
• Collection of taxes was done annually and per household.
• A single person from age 20 was considered a separate household.
• Which groups are exempted from the encomienda system?

  principalia and soldiers
• Due to the scarcity of silver and gold, taxpayers pay in cash or in kind.
• In the 19th century, the encomienda was abolished and was replaced by a more efficient system called the cedula personal.
• Other policies considered as indirect forms of taxation: bandala and polo y servicios
• The bandala and the polo y servicios were considered indirect forms of taxation for they were income-generating and cost-cutting initiatives.
• Several instances of non-payment were also recorded. Instead, the encomenderos only gave the natives promissory notes which were never fulfilled.
• According to the law, all non-Spanish males aged 16 to 60 years old were required to work for the polo y servicios.
• Falla


  people who paid an additional tax (1.50 reales)
• Construction of the galleons at the shipyards in Cavite and Mindoro


  The most notable work on gov't projects of polistas
• To minimize abuses, the duration of service was shortened to 15 days in 1884.
• Some women were picked by Spanish government officials, encomenderos, and friars to render domestic work in Spanish households.
• Galleon Trade: Only two galleons per year were allowed to trade. The two could only visit two port cities, namely Acapulco and Manila
• Manila-bound galleons had to deliver to the governador-general the situado
• Situado


  Mexico’s annual subsidy for the colonial government of the Philippines amounted to 300,000 pesos.
• The governador-general controlled the Galleon Trade in Manila by allocating the tickets called boletas.
• The governador-general was assisted by the Junta de Repartamiento (allocation board) in controlling the Galleon Trade.
• The boletas were usually handed to the peninsulares and insulares, including the Bishop of Manila
• The galleons from Manila were famously known as the Nao de China.
• Natives from the Philippines introduced sabong and tuba to Mexicans.
• A district called Parian is also present in Mexico City.
• Earliest traces of globalization


  Importance of the Galleon Trade in world history.
• Galleons were targeted by British and Dutch pirates.
• The first mass in the Philippines was celebrated in Mazaua
• Cebu


  The first Spanish colony in Asia.
• The conversion of people to Catholicism was spearheaded by the regular clergy or those friars, monks, and priests who belonged to religious orders.