Lecture 6

Cards (43)

  • Encomienda
    An implementation which permitted individuals (peninsulares) called encomenderos to collect taxes from colonial subjects on behalf of the government
  • Encomenderos
    • Had to (1) protect the people living inside the encomienda from outsiders and invasions, (2) maintain peace and order, and (3) assist the friars in Christianizing the non-Spanish
  • Tributo
    Basic tax paid by colonial subjects (15 reales in the 19th century)
  • Bandala system
    Annual forced sale of goods from the taxpayers to the government
  • Polo y servicios
    System of forced community labor wherein colonial subjects had to work for the government for a total of 40 days per year
  • Polistas
    • Individuals identified by the gobernadorcillos and cabezas de barangay to participate in the polo y servicios
  • Galleon Trade
    Trade system between the Philippines and Mexico that started in 1565, after the discovery of the Urdaneta Passage
  • Roman Catholicism arrived in the Visayas through the Magellan expedition

    1521
  • The Christianization of the Philippines resumed when the Legazpi expedition successfully took Cebu as the first Spanish colony in Asia

    1565

  • Secular clergy
    • Augustinians
    • Franciscans
    • Jesuits
    • Dominicans
    • Recollects
  • Entrada
    • Missionaries accompanied by soldiers provided by the government, often leading to violence due to native resistance
  • Taxation in Spain’s colonial possessions was meant to raise funds.
  • What was given in exchange for the encomenderos?
    quarter of the collected taxes
  • Collection of taxes was done annually and per household.
  • A single person from age 20 was considered a separate household.
  • Which groups are exempted from the encomienda system?
    principalia and soldiers
  • Due to the scarcity of silver and gold, taxpayers pay in cash or in kind.
  • In the 19th century, the encomienda was abolished and was replaced by a more efficient system called the cedula personal.
  • Other policies considered as indirect forms of taxation: bandala and polo y servicios
  • The bandala and the polo y servicios were considered indirect forms of taxation for they were income-generating and cost-cutting initiatives.
  • Several instances of non-payment were also recorded. Instead, the encomenderos only gave the natives promissory notes which were never fulfilled.
  • According to the law, all non-Spanish males aged 16 to 60 years old were required to work for the polo y servicios.
  • Falla
    people who paid an additional tax (1.50 reales)
  • Construction of the galleons at the shipyards in Cavite and Mindoro
    The most notable work on gov't projects of polistas
  • To minimize abuses, the duration of service was shortened to 15 days in 1884.
  • Some women were picked by Spanish government officials, encomenderos, and friars to render domestic work in Spanish households.
  • Galleon Trade: Only two galleons per year were allowed to trade. The two could only visit two port cities, namely Acapulco and Manila
  • Manila-bound galleons had to deliver to the governador-general the situado
  • Situado
    Mexico’s annual subsidy for the colonial government of the Philippines amounted to 300,000 pesos.
  • The governador-general controlled the Galleon Trade in Manila by allocating the tickets called boletas.
  • The governador-general was assisted by the Junta de Repartamiento (allocation board) in controlling the Galleon Trade.
  • The boletas were usually handed to the peninsulares and insulares, including the Bishop of Manila
  • The galleons from Manila were famously known as the Nao de China.
  • Natives from the Philippines introduced sabong and tuba to Mexicans.
  • A district called Parian is also present in Mexico City.
  • Earliest traces of globalization
    Importance of the Galleon Trade in world history.
  • Galleons were targeted by British and Dutch pirates.
  • The first mass in the Philippines was celebrated in Mazaua
  • Cebu
    The first Spanish colony in Asia.
  • The conversion of people to Catholicism was spearheaded by the regular clergy or those friars, monks, and priests who belonged to religious orders.