PR2 LESSON 1

• Research Design


  The entire process of planning and carrying out a research study
• Research design serves as the backbone of your research
• Types of research design in quantitative research

  • Descriptive research design
  • Experimental research design
• Descriptive research design


  • Describes the characteristics or behavior of the subjects or phenomenon that is being studied
  • Does not attempt to answer "why" and is not used to discover inferences, make predictions, or establish causal relationships
• Characteristics of descriptive research design

  • Quantitative research: Attempts to collect data that could quantify for statistical analysis of population sample
  • Uncontrolled variable: No manipulation of variables is done in this design unlike in experimental research
  • Basis for further research: The result of the study can be further analyzed and can be used in other research method
• Types of descriptive research design

  • Survey
  • Descriptive Normative Study
  • Correlational Research Study
  • Descriptive Evaluative Study
  • Assessment/Evaluation Study
  • Descriptive Comparative Study
  • Ex-Post Facto or Causal-Comparative Study
• Survey


  Used to gather information from a group of samples chosen from population
• Descriptive Normative Study


  Attempts to establish norms based on a large number of survey data
• Correlational Research Study


  Used to find out the extent to which different variables are related to one another
• Descriptive Evaluative Study


  Focuses on judging the "goodness of a criterion measure"
• Types of descriptive evaluative studies

  • Longitudinal Studies
  • Cross-sectional Studies
• Longitudinal Studies


  Establishes changes in criterion measure over a long period of time using same subject
• Cross-sectional Studies


  Evaluates changes over time by comparing at the same point of time, but different subject representing different stages
• Assessment/Evaluation Study


  Undertaken to assess the worth, success, effectiveness, or efficiency of a certain policy, or practice when applied to a group of subjects
• Descriptive Comparative Study


  Establishes a formal procedure to compare and conclude the differences between variables
• Ex-Post Facto or Causal-Comparative Study

  Derives conclusion from observations and manifestations that already occurred in the past and now compared to some dependent variables
• Experimental research design


  • Used to investigate the cause and effect relationship between the variables
  • Manipulates one variable to see if it influences the other variable
• Purposes of experimental research

  • There is time priority in a causal relationship (cause precedes effect)
  • To establish the existence of a cause- and- effect relationship between two variables
  • You plan to do manipulation with the variables
• Main parts of experiments

  • Independent and Dependent Variables
  • Pretesting and Post testing
  • Experimental and Control Group
• Independent variable


  Manipulated variable that incurs change in dependent variable
• Dependent variable


  Variable being studied in the experiment, expected to change when independent variable is manipulated
• Pretesting


  Initial measurement of dependent variables among the participants of the study
• Post testing


  Re-measurement of dependent variables among the participants of the study after they have been introduced to independent variables
• Experimental group


  Group exposed to the influence of intervention or treatment
• Control group


  Group not exposed to any intervention or treatment
• Types of experimental research design

  • Pre-experimental Research Design
  • True Experimental Research Design
  • Quasi-Experimental Research Design
• Pre-experimental Research Design


  The simplest form of experimental research design, usually conducted without a control group
• Design 1. One-shot design


  One group (experimental group) exposed to treatment, posttest given to determine effects
• Design 2. One group pretest-posttest design


  One group (experimental group) exposed to treatment, pretest and posttest compared to determine effects
• Design 3. Static group comparison design


  Two groups (experimental and control), both given posttest, results compared to determine effects
• True Experimental Research Design

  The most accurate experimental research design, with random distribution of samples
• Design 4. Pre-test/ Post-test Control Group Design


  Two equal groups (control and experimental), both given pretest, only experimental group receives treatment, both given posttest, results compared
• Design 5. Posttest-Only Control Group Design


  Two equal groups (control and experimental), no pretest, only posttest given after experimental group receives treatment, results compared
• Design 6. Solomon Four-Group Design


  Four equal groups (two experimental, two control), first two use pretest-posttest, last two use posttest only, results compared
• Quasi-Experimental Research Design


  Does not include randomization in assigning participants
• Design 7. Matching only design

  Researchers match experimental and control groups on some variables, but cannot assure full equivalence
• Design 8. Time-series design

  Expansion of one-group pretest-posttest, multiple pretests and posttests to show treatment effects
• Blind Experiment


  Used to ensure validity by combating experimenter bias and participant bias
• Single Blind Experiment


  Either participants or experimenters are blind to the manipulation
• Double Blind Experiment


  Both participants and experimenters are blind to the manipulation, with a coordinator who cannot share information