Biochem

• vitamins c


  - Humans, monkeys, apes and guinea pigs need dietary ____

  - Co-substrate in the formation of structural protein collagen

  - Involved in metabolism of certain amino acids

  100 mg/day saturates all body tissues - Excess vitamin is excreted
• - Thiamin (vitamin B1)

  - Riboflavin (vitamin B2)

  - Niacin (nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, vitamin B3)

  - Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine)

  - Folate (folic acid)

  - Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

  - Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5)

  - Biotin

  - Exhibit structural diversity

  The preferred and alternative names for the b vitamins
• Vitamin B


  are components of coenzymes
• FAT SOLUBLE

  Vitamins A, D, E, K


  Involved in plasma membrane processes

  More hydrocarbon like with fewer functional groups
• Vitamin A


  Has role in vision

  - only 1/1000 of vitamin ___ is in retina

  3 Forms of vitamin ___ are active in the body

  Derived from b-carotine
• Functions of Vitamin A

  Vision: In the eye-


  combines with opsin protein to form the visual pigment rhodopsin which further converts light energy into nerve impulses that are sent to the brain.
• Functions of Vitamin A

  Regulating Cell Differentiation -


  process in which immature cells change to specialized cells with function.
• Functions of Vitamin A

  Maintenance of the healthy of epithelial tissues via epithelial tissue differentiation.


  Lack of vitamin ___ causes such surfaces to become drier and harder than normal.
• Functions of Vitamin A

  Reproduction and Growth:


  In men, vitamin___ participates in sperm development. In women, normal fetal development during pregnancy requires vitamin ___
• Vitamin D


  It controls correct ratio of Ca and P for bone mineralization (hardening)

  As a hormone it promotes Ca and P absorption in intestine
• Vitamin D2 and D3


  Two forms active in the body:
• Sunshine Vitamin:


  Synthesized by UV light from sun
• Vitamin E


  Alpha-tocopherol is the most active biological active form of ___

  
  

  Peanut oils, green and leafy vegetables and whole grain products are the sources of ____
• a-, b-, g- and d-Vitamin E


  Four forms of Vitamin Es:
• Primary function of vitamin e

  Antioxidant


  protects against oxidation of other compounds
• Vitamin K


  Active in the formation of proteins involved in regulating blood clotting
• K1 and K2


  Two major forms of vitamin k
• K1


  found in dark green, leafy vegetables
• K2


  synthesized by bacteria that grow in colon
• Dietary need supply of vitamin k


  : ~1/2 synthesized by bacteria and 1/2 obtained from diet
• minerals


  - are inorganic substances which is needed in small amounts that must be obtained from food

  - can be divided into two groups - those needed in large quantities and those only required in tiny amounts (trace elements)
• functions of minerals

  Body building


  teeth and bones Control of body processes, especially the nervous system

  
  

  Essential part of body fluids and cells

  Form part of enzymes and other proteins necessary for the release of energy
• iron


  Production of hemoglobin in red blood cells to carry oxygen in the blood
• Calcium


  teeth and bones, blood clotting, nerve and muscle contraction, heart regulation
• phosphorus


  Bones and teeth accompanied by calcium, muscle contraction
• Sodium


  Maintains water balance in the body and controls body temperature, helps you sweat when body temperature rises
• potassium


  Muscle contraction and in maintaining body fluid. It is necessary for the building of muscle and for normal body growth.
• zinc


  Aids the immune system. Cofactor in enzymes. Needed for the senses of smell and taste
• Iodine


  Thyroid gland function (controls how quickly the body uses energy) and body metabolism
• magnesium


  muscle contraction, DNA synthesis, controls blood sugar and blood pressure, cofactor of enzymes