anatomy 1

• Human anatomy and physiology


  The study of the structure and function of the human body
• The human body has many intricate parts with coordinated functions maintained by a complex system of checks and balances
• The coordinated function of all the parts of the human body allows us to detect changes or stimuli, respond to stimuli, and perform many other actions
• Anatomy


  The scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body
• Anatomy covers a wide range of studies, including the structure of body parts, their microscopic organization, and the processes by which they develop
• Anatomy examines the relationship between the structure of a body part and its function
• Systemic anatomy


  • The study of the body by systems, such as the cardiovascular, nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems
• Regional anatomy


  • The study of the organization of the body by areas, where all systems are studied simultaneously within each region
• Surface anatomy


  The study of external features, such as bony projections, which serve as landmarks for locating deeper structures
• Anatomical imaging


  The use of x-rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures
• Physiology


  The scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things
• The major goals of physiology are to understand and predict the body's responses to stimuli and to understand how the body maintains conditions within a narrow range of values in the presence of continually changing internal and external environments
• Structural levels of the body

  • Chemicals
  • Cell
  • Tissue
  • Organs
  • Organs system
  • Organism
• Chemical level


  Involves how atoms, such as hydrogen and carbon, interact and combine into molecules
• Cell level


  Cells are the basic structural and functional units of organisms, and molecules can combine to form organelles which are the small structures that make up some cells
• Tissue level


  A tissue is a group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them, and tissues are classified into four primary types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
• Organ level


  An organ is composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions
• Organ system level


  An organ system is a group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set of functions
• The coordinated activity of the organ systems is necessary for normal function
• Organism level


  An organism is any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell or of trillions of cells
• Characteristics of life


  • Organization
  • Metabolism
  • Responsiveness
  • Growth
  • Development
  • Reproduction
• Organization


  The specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions
• Metabolism


  The ability to use energy to perform vital functions, such as growth, movement, and reproduction
• Responsiveness


  The ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and make the adjustments that help maintain its life
• Growth


  An increase in size of all or part of the organism, resulting from an increase in cell number, cell size, or the amount of substance surrounding cells
• Development


  The changes an organism undergoes through time, including growth and differentiation
• Reproduction


  The formation of new cells or new organisms
• You have more microbial cells than human cells in your body, with as many as 100 trillion microbial cells
• The total population of microbial cells on the human body is referred to as the microbiota, while the combination of these microbial cells and their genes is known as the microbiome
• The human microbiome is intimately involved in the development and maintenance of the immune system, and is also correlated with digestion and metabolism
• There does not seem to be a universal healthy human microbiome, as it varies across lifespan, ethnicity, nationality, culture, and geographical location
• Changes in the profile of the microbiome of the human gut may increase a person's susceptibility to autoimmune diseases, potentially associated with exposure to antibiotics
• Homeostasis


  The existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body despite fluctuations in either the external environment or the internal environment
• Normal cell functions depend on the maintenance of the cells' fluid environment within a narrow range of conditions, including temperature, volume, and chemical content
• Remainder of this text, we will highlight specific instances where our microbes influence our body systems
• In light of the importance of our body's bacteria and other microbes, the prevalence of antibacterial soap and hand gel usage in everyday life may be something to think about
• Most body cells are surrounded by a small amount of fluid, and normal cell functions depend on the maintenance of the cells' fluid environment within a narrow range of conditions, including temperature, volume, and chemical content
• Variables


  Conditions that can change, such as body temperature
• The study of human bodies is the foundation of medical education, and for much of history, anatomists have used the bodies of people who have died called cadavers, for these studies
• In the early 1800s, the benefits of human dissection for training physicians had become very apparent, and the need for cadavers increased beyond the ability to acquire them legally