Reading and writing

• Research Report


  An academic paper that presents the results of a study based on specific objectives and systematic methods of data collection and analysis
• Chapter IV: Results and Discussion

  Shows the results of the study based on the research objectives presented in tabular or graphical forms
• Chapter V: Conclusion and Recommendation

  Explains the implication of the study and suggest recommendations
• Book Review & Article Critique

  • Summarizes, interprets, and evaluates the context of a book or an article
  • Allows you to refute or support the ideas of the author
  • Evaluates the relevance, usefulness, and credibility
• Literature Review


  A type of writing that describes, summarizes, critically evaluates a body of scholarly works related to a specific research topic
• Literature Review


  It is usually done as a part of a research paper to provide readers a comprehensive look at previous works that have been done about your research topic
• Critical Reading


  • A technique that allows readers to analyze claims and evaluate messages based on proofs
  • Critical readers know how to distinguish facts from opinions and judge whether the facts presented to them are logical and credible
• How to read critically

  1. Determine the author's purpose, factors influencing his/her writing, and attitude towards the topic presented

  2. Annotate the texts with your comments

  3. Summarize the message of the text

  4. Identify the writer's claim
• Claim


  A central argument/thesis statement that the writer wants you to accept
• Types of claims


  • Claim of fact
  • Claim of policy
  • Claim of value
• Claim of fact


  • It centers on debates about subjects we believe to be objectively true/untrue
  • They should be empirically disputable
  • A claim of fact for a logical argument cannot simply consist of a statistic or proven fact, it needs to focus on an assertion which uses facts to back it up
• Claim of policy


  • It argues that a policy or a law needs to be implemented to solve a problem
  • Modal verbs such as should, ought to, need to, and must are used to indicate a claim of policy
• Claim of value


  • It evaluates the inherent goodness or morality of an event and the value system by which we should make decisions
  • It is based on a person's taste, philosophy, and moral judgement
• Social structures could be formal (institutionalized) and informal
• Categories of Groups


  • Primary Group
  • Secondary Group
  • In-group & out-group
  • Reference Group
• Primary Group

  • Characterized by intimate, close, and enduring relationship among members
  • Small group of people
  • Concerned with the emotional, physical, and mental stability of its members
• Primary Group


  • family
  • relatives
  • romantic relationships
• Secondary Group


  • Impersonal and goal-oriented
  • Large group of people
  • Members have the same interests and goals but without concern and intimacy
  • Members interact through a short time thus there is no chances of bond
• Secondary Group


  • Colleagues
• In-group


  Any group where one identifies as a member. There is a feeling of "we-ness".
• Out-group


  A social group which an individual does not identify or belong. You feel threatened with an out-group.
• Reference Group


  • A group wherein you aspire to be a member
  • Used as a standard for evaluating him/herself and behavior
  • Has two functions: a) to set standard/norm and b)set a standard of comparison
• Social Networks


  • Your relationship with other groups
  • A series of relationship that links an individual to others indirectly
  • Consists of actor or nodes and relationship or ties when linked with others it forms a connection
• Levels of Social Network

  • Isolate - an individual without any social network
  • Dyad - a social relationship between two individuals
  • Clique - a social group with minimal social relationship with other groups
• Power


  The capacity to influence the action, behavior, and decisions of another individual
• Sources of Power


  • Force
  • Influence
  • Authority
• Force

  The actual of use power by threatening coercion or consequence to impose an action or decision over another
• Force


  • Marcos used force through the form of dictatorship
  • Use of military and naval force of PH against China
  • The military overthrowing elected leaders in Myanmar
• Influence


  Exercised through persuasion and relationship. Can modify another person's behavior and decision making without using force.
• Influence


  • Jaime Cardinal influenced Filipinos during the People Power Revolution
• Authority


  Power generated from legitimate means such as an election
• Types of Authority


  • Traditional
  • Rational-legal
  • Charismatic
• Traditional Authority


  Stems from absolute power passed from generation to generation
• Traditional Authority


  • Monarchies from UK, Spain, and Japan
• Rational-legal Authority


  Comes from the constitution of a country thus leaders exercise power through election
• Rational-legal Authority


  • President, vice president, senators, and other officials of the PH
• Charismatic Authority


  • Power is derived from the personality of a leader exuding charisma (a compelling attraction/charm)
  • Revolutionary and unstable compared to traditional and rational-legal
• Charismatic Authority


  • Corazon Aquino ascended to presidency because she is a widow despite lack of experience in political matters
• Political Organizations


  • Band
  • Tribes
  • Chiefdom
  • State
• Band


  • Lowest complexity
  • Members do not exceed to 100
  • Egaletarian society - everyone is equal therefore there is no leader
  • Disputes are resolved informally as there are few to no rules written
  • May solve it through duels or ridicules to resolve issues