SCIENCE | 4TH QUARTER

• Air is important because the body needs to respire
• Respiration


  The overall exchange of gases (how the body gets oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide) between the atmosphere, the blood, and the cells
• Breathing


  Just a phase of respiration
• 4 Phases of Respiration

  1. Breathing or Ventilation

  2. External respiration

  3. Internal respiration

  4. Cellular respiration
• Breathing or Ventilation


  The act of taking air in (inspiration) and out the lungs (expiration)
• External respiration


  The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the blood within the lungs
• Internal respiration


  The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the body cells
• Cellular respiration


  The process of using oxygen (oxidation) to break down (glucose) in food, producing energy (ATP) in cells, and releasing carbon dioxide as waste product
• Respiratory System


  The human breathing system responsible for taking oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide, consisting of organs and breathing structures that allow gas exchange to occur
• Two anatomical divisions of the respiratory system

  • Upper Respiratory Tract
  • Lower Respiratory Tract
• Upper Respiratory Tract (URT)


  Filters, warms, and humidifies incoming air which protects the more delicate surfaces of the lower respiratory system and reabsorbs heat and water from the outgoing air
• Organs and structures of the URT

  • Nose
  • Nasal cavity
  • Paranasal sinuses
  • Pharynx
• Lower Respiratory Tract (LRT)


  Conducts air to and from the gas exchange surfaces
• Organs and structures of the LRT

  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
• Nose and Mouth


  The entrance of oxygen in our body, the primary passageway for air entering the respiratory when you are resting and breathing quietly
• Nasal Cavity / Nasal Passageways


  The air is passing this part is warm, damp and clean
• Pharynx


  A chamber more commonly called the "throat," is shared by the digestive and respiratory tracts
• Larynx


  A cartilaginous structure that surrounds and protects the glottis and is more commonly called the "voice box"
• Larynx


  • Functions: Deglutition (swallowing), Respiration (breathing), Phonotation (voice production)
• Trachea


  A tough, flexible tube that conducts air towards the lungs, with a diameter of 2.5 cm
• Bronchial tube


  The highly branching pattern of the bronchi and bronchioles as they approach and travel through the lungs
• Lungs


  The primary organs of respiration in humans and other vertebrates, with the primary function of facilitating the exchange of gases between the blood and the air. The right lung is quite bigger and heavier than the left lung.
• Pathway of oxygen to the lungs

  1. Nose or Mouth

  2. Pharynx

  3. Epiglottis (prevents food and drink from entering trachea)

  4. Larynx

  5. Trachea

  6. Bronchi

  7. Lungs

  8. Bronchioles

  9. Alveoli
• Alveoli


  Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles (tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs) where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and breathing out
• Inhalation

  1. Oxygen enters our body

  2. Ribs move out and chest space increases

  3. Diaphragm muscle contracts, moves down
• Exhalation

  1. Carbon dioxide exits our body

  2. Ribs move in and chest space decreases/smaller

  3. Diaphragm muscle relaxes, moves up
• Diaphragm


  A muscle that helps you breathe, sitting under your lungs and separating your chest cavity from your abdomen
• When you inhale, the ribs move outward, the diaphragm moves downward, and there is more chest area so air rushes in to fill the space
• When you exhale, the ribs move inward, the diaphragm moves upward, and there is less chest area so air rushes out
• Asthma


  A disorder characterized by chronic airway inflammation, airway hypersensitivity to a variety of stimuli, and airway obstruction. Symptoms include difficult breathing, coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, fatigue, moist skin and anxiety.
• Emphysema


  A disorder characterized by destruction of walls of the alveoli, producing abnormally large spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation. Over several years, added exertion during inhalation increases the size of the chest cage, resulting in a "barrel chest".
• Tuberculosis


  Caused by the bacteria Mycobaterium tuberculosis. Symptoms may include fatigue, weight loss, anorexia, a low-grade fever, night sweats, cough, dyspnea and chest pain.
• Pneumonia


  Caused by bacteria, virus, fungi or protozoa in rare conditions. It causes inflammation of the lung's air sacs or alveoli, which become filled with pus or fluid.
• Lung cancer


  The leading cause of cancer death in both males and females. Cigarette smoke is the most common cause. Emphysema is a common precursor. Symptoms may include chronic cough, spitting of blood, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest pain, hoarseness, weight loss, anorexia, fatigue, bone pain, anemia etc.
• Circulatory System


  The system responsible for transporting materials throughout the entire body
• Blood


  A fluid connective tissue that consists of plasma, blood cells and platelets
• Ventricle


  The pumping chambers, moving blood to the lungs (right ventricle) and into the body (left ventricle)
• Capillaries


  The smallest blood vessels that move blood to and from the cells of the body
• Aneurysm


  Occurs when an artery wall weakens and enlarges which can lead to tearing
• Cardiology

  The study of the heart