08 types of product development

• ⦁ Term – which is the word to be defined;
• Genus – where the term belongs and can be classified
• ⦁ Differentia or differentiation – which includes the remaining parts and other information revolving on the term that is defined. It also states the factor that distinguishes an entity, state, or class from another; a characteristic or trait distinguishing a species from other species of the same genus.
• ⦁ It is the method of trying to understand the meanings of a word or an expression. It is analyzing, delineating, exploring, and discovering the different aspects of a particular concept. It is also knowing what concepts are associated with a word and what are not, what is it like, what are its causes and effects, and what some examples of it are
• ⦁ Denotation – is the primary, explicit, or literal definition of a word. It is the meaning of a word based on a dictionary.
• ⦁ Connotation – is the secondary meaning of a word. It is not necessarily included in the dictionary, rather, it is how people understand a word based on their own personal or consensual experiences and not based on a dictionary.
• Denotation:

  Rose is any of a genus (Rosa of the family Rosaceae, the rose family) of usually prickly shrubs with pinnate leaves and showy flowers having five

  (5) petals in the wild state but being often double or partly double under cultivation.
• Connotation:

  A bouquet of roses is usually what a person gives to his/her beloved one. Beyond its scientific name, a rose can also connote love and romance.
• ⦁ Exemplification is the method of listing, enumerating, and giving examples to elaborate a topic or a subject. This is useful in discussing complex topics by listing subtopics that are considered familiar to the target readers. Exemplification can also provide specific instances to support a claim.
• ⦁ Visual illustrations – It appeals to the sense of sight. Since eyesight is given primacy over the other human senses, making it the foremost used sense among the five senses, you can use visual illustrations to concretize abstract concepts like poverty. In case of poverty, you can show pictures of beggars on the streets knocking on car windows when the traffic light is red, of malnourished people in rundown houses, or of tall commercial and residential buildings juxtaposed with a multitude of shanties cramped so closely together that even motorists would have a hard time passing through.
• ⦁ Facts – These are concepts, ideas, and statements that are generally assumed to be true, real, and/or existing. Facts given as examples are useful in supporting your point as most people accept these facts as already a part of reality that they are almost always uncontested.
• ⦁ Anecdotes – These are brief narratives within a piece of writing. They don't necessarily serve as the focus, rather, as supporting points or claims that explain or elaborate the author's intended argument.
• ⦁ Details – It entails analyzing. Analyzing is the process of breaking down a concept or idea into its constituent parts. When enumerating details, you are zooming in your focus on the minute parts, as opposed to zooming out when you see the big picture.
• ⦁ Opinions – As opposed to facts, opinions are individual interpretations of people on certain events, situations, ideas, and/or concepts, opinions naturally vary from one person to another due to people's different backgrounds and personalities. While not as pertinent support as facts, opinions can still have the power to make a claim well- founded as these are the first-hand reactions or reviews from people.
• ⦁ Observations – Similar to describing, observations also make use of description – appealing to the five (5) human senses. Observations can be done anytime. All you need are your five (5) senses and nothing more
• ⦁ Persuasion is always coupled with argumentation. Argumentation makes use of these three

  (3) appeals to strengthen its claim:

  ⦁ Logos – or appealing to the audience's logic, i.e., when you argue, you use facts, well- supported and well-developed claims to support and argument.

  ⦁ Pathos – or appealing to the audience's emotions

  ⦁ Ethos – the appeal to credibility. Having ethos means that, as a source of information, you are credible, reputable, and respectable. You build your reputation through honesty and sound judgment.
• Supportive audience means you have spectators who are already briefed on the issue at hand. You no longer need to tackle the nitty-gritty of your topic since your audience is already informed. Also, you can assume that there is a big possibility that they will side with your claims and arguments; hence, they are supportive. Logos is not much needed in this kind of situation. Instead, maximize your pathos to drive your point home.
• Wavering audience means you have spectators who are not readily accepting your ideas. They may listen to you but that does not necessarily mean they automatically believe what you are saying. Unlike with your supportive audience, brief the wavering audience with the issue at hand. Make use of your logos to win their support. And since your audience's belief in you is wavering, you may want to build up your ethos as well. Establish yourself as a credible, reputable, and respectable source of information.
• ⦁ Hostile audience

  This type of audience is the most difficult to please and to win. You can even assume that they represent the opposing stance of the issue you are about to tackle. Make no mistake in your claims and arguments as your audience not only is hard to please, but also averse to your side of the story. Lessen the use of pathos on this type of audience as it is quite difficult to do so given that they are antagonistic. Stick to your logos as you have a good chance of being somewhat believed – but not necessarily sided with – by the hostile audience.
• ⦁ Analogy for citing similarities; Contrast for citing differences of either object to make the idea clear; and Comparison for comparing object or idea to another by pointing out similarities and differences.
• ⦁ Analogy – is a common technique that writers use to demonstrate comparison and contrast. It delves beneath the surface differences of at least two (2) subjects expose unperceived and unsuspecting similarities and/or differences. It is often used when a foreign or abstract concept is compared with a much more tangible or more familiar term for readers to better understand the author's intended meaning.
• Simile is done when there is a direct comparison between or among objects. Expressions with Similes are always done with the use of the words like and as. As opposed to a Simile, a Metaphor is done when there is an indirect comparison between or among objects.
• ⦁ Oxymoron – happens when two (2) seemingly opposite terms are juxtaposed net to or near – each other in a single expression
• ⦁ Personification – is done when non-humans are assigned human characteristics and/or actions.
• ⦁ Cause and Effect

  ⦁ This is usually adopted in dealing with events or issues. Here you may present the causes towards the effects or begin with the effects and proceed towards causes. You may not have an expressed topic sentence when you use this method of paragraph development.
• ⦁ Causal analysis means identifying the causes and effects of a particular situation, event, or phenomenon. A cause is what prompted something to happen and an effect is what was yielded after something else took place.
• Explanation or Discussion

  ⦁ This aims at the reader's understanding. This has a variety of functions: giving directions, explaining a process, comparing or contrasting two (2) objects or ideas, interpreting a statement or explaining a theory.
• Classification

  ⦁ This is done by grouping items into categories, such as characteristics, types, factors, and other classes or divisions. A classification paragraph describes various classes related to one category of things. The paragraph's main subject appears in the paragraph's topic sentence.
• ⦁ When dealing with complex and messy topics, authors turn to the mode of paragraph development of classification and division to create an air of systematization and order in their writing. Division works hand-in-hand with analysis, wherein one breaks down a concept into its constituent parts.
• Classification entails categorization which enables one to group together items according to their similarities.
• Consistency:

  It is characterized by having parallel similarities in the divisions you make in your writing.
• Exclusiveness

  It means there is no overlapping between or among the items divided and classified together.
• Completeness

  It means that no important part is omitted from the writing.
• Exemplification is the method of listing, enumerating, and giving examples to elaborate a topic or a subject.
• Exemplification This is useful in discussing complex topics by listing subtopics that are considered familiar to the target readers.
• Exemplification can also provide specific instances to support a claim.